This package defines a set of messages to unify computer vision and object detection efforts in ROS.

The messages in this package are to define a common outward-facing interface for vision-based pipelines. The set of messages here are meant to enable 2 primary types of pipelines:

1. "Pure" Classifiers, which identify class probabilities given a single sensor input
2. Detectors, which identify class probabilities as well as the poses of those classes given a sensor input

The class probabilities are stored with an array of ObjectHypothesis messages, which is essentially a map from integer IDs to float scores and poses.

Message types exist separately for 2D (using sensor_msgs/Image) and 3D (using sensor_msgs\PointCloud2). The metadata that is stored for each object is application-specific, and so this package places very few constraints on the metadata. Each possible detection result must have a unique numerical ID so that it can be unambiguously and efficiently identified in the results messages. Object metadata such as name, mesh, etc. can then be looked up from a database.

The only other requirement is that the metadata database information can be stored in a ROS parameter. We expect a classifier to load the database (or detailed database connection information) to the parameter server in a manner similar to how URDFs are loaded and stored there (see [6]), most likely defined in an XML format. This expectation may be further refined in the future using a ROS Enhancement Proposal, or REP [7].

We also would like classifiers to have a way to signal when the database has been updated, so that listeners can respond accordingly. The database might be updated in the case of online learning. To solve this problem, each classifier can publish messages to a topic signaling that the database has been updated, as well as incrementing a database version that's continually published with the classifier information.

• Classification2D and Classification3D: pure classification without pose
• Detection2D and Detection3D: classification + pose
• XArray messages, where X is one of the four message types listed above. A pipeline should emit XArray messages as its forward-facing ROS interface.
• VisionInfo: Information about a classifier, such as its name and where to find its metadata database.
• ObjectHypothesis: An id/score pair.
• ObjectHypothesisWithPose: An id/(score, pose) pair. This accounts for the fact that a single input, say, a point cloud, could have different poses depdending on its class. For example, a flat rectangular prism could either be a smartphone lying on its back, or a book lying on its side.
• BoundingBox2D, BoundingBox3D: orientable rectangular bounding boxes, specified by the pose of their center and their size.

By using a very general message definition, we hope to cover as many of the various computer vision use cases as possible. Some examples of use cases that can be fully represented are:

• Bounding box multi-object detectors with tight bounding box predictions, such as YOLO [1]
• Class-predicting full-image detectors, such as TensorFlow examples trained on the MNIST dataset [2]
• Full 6D-pose recognition pipelines, such as LINEMOD [3] and those included in the Object Recognition Kitchen [4]
• Custom detectors that use various point-cloud based features to predict object attributes (one example is [5])

Please see the vision_msgs_examples repository for some sample vision pipelines that emit results using the vision_msgs format.

• [1] YOLO
• [2] TensorFlow MNIST
• [3] LINEMOD
• [4] Object Recognition Kitchen
• [5] Attribute Detector
• [6] URDFs on the parameter server
• [7] ROS Enhancement Proposals