Intel has created an excellent annotation tool with the latest technologies. https://github.com/opencv/cvat
The project below is archived, and no further updates are expected.
2009 to 2020
VATIC is an online video annotation tool for computer vision research that crowdsources work to Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Our tool makes it easy to build massive, affordable video data sets.
Note: VATIC has only been tested on Ubuntu with Apache 2.2 HTTP server and a MySQL server. This document will describe installation on this platform, however it should work any operating system and with any server.
You can download and extract VATIC from our website. Note: do NOT run the installer as root.
$ wget http://mit.edu/vondrick/vatic/vatic-install.sh
$ chmod +x vatic-install.sh
$ ./vatic-install.sh
$ cd vatic
Open the Apache configuration file. On Ubuntu, this file is located at:
/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default
If you do not use Apache on this computer for any other purpose, replace the contents of the file with:
WSGIDaemonProcess www-data
WSGIProcessGroup www-data
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName vatic.domain.edu
DocumentRoot /path/to/vatic/public
WSGIScriptAlias /server /path/to/vatic/server.py
CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>
updating ServerName with your domain name, DocumentRoot with the path to the public directory in VATIC, and WSGIScriptAlias to VATIC's server.py file.
If you do use Apache for other purposes, you will have to setup a new virtual host with the correct document root and script alias, as shown above.
Make sure you have the mod_headers module enabled:
$ sudo cp /etc/apache2/mods-available/headers.load /etc/apache2/mods-enabled
After making these changes, restart Apache:
$ sudo apache2ctl graceful
We recommend creating a separate database specifically for VATIC:
$ mysql -u root
mysql> create database vatic;
The next section will automatically create the necessary tables.
Inside the vatic directory, copy config.py-example to config.py:
$ cp config.py-example config.py
Then open config.py and make changes to the following variables in order to configure VATIC:
signature Amazon Mechanical Turk AWS signature (secret access key)
accesskey Amazon Mechanical Turk AWS access key (access key ID)
sandbox If true, put into Mturk sandbox mode. For debugging.
localhost The local HTTP address: http://vatic.domain.edu/ so it
matches the ServerName in Apache.
database Database connection string: for example,
mysql://user:pass@localhost/vatic
geolocation API key from ipinfodb.com for geolocation services
If you do not plan on using VATIC on Mechcanical Turk (offlien mode only), you can leave the signature and accesskey empty.
After saving results, you can then initialize the database:
$ turkic setup --database
Note: if you want to reset the database, you can do this with:
$ turkic setup --database --reset
which will require confirmation to reset in order to prevent data loss.
Finally, you must also allow VATIC to access turkic, a major dependency:
$ turkic setup --public-symlink
Before you continue, you should verify that the installation was correct. You can verify this with:
$ turkic status --verify
If you receive any error messages, it means the installation was not complete and you should review the previous section. Note: If you do not plan on using Mechanical Turk, you can safely ignore any errors caused by Mechanical Turk.
Our system requires that videos are extracted into JPEG frames. Our tool can do this automatically for you:
$ mkdir /path/to/output/directory
$ turkic extract /path/to/video.mp4 /path/to/output/directory
By default, our tool will resize the frames to fit within a 720x480 rectangle. We believe this resolution is ideal for online video viewing. You can change resolution with options:
$ turkic extract /path/to/video.mp4 /path/to/output/directory
--width 1000 --height 1000
or
$ turkic extract /path/to/video.mp4 /path/to/output/directory
--no-resize
The tool will maintain aspect ratio in all cases.
Alternatively, if you have already extracted frames, you can use the formatframes command to format the video into a format that VATIC understands:
$ turkic formatframes /path/to/frames/ /path/to/output/directory
The above command will read all the images in /path/to/frames and create hard links (soft copy) in /path/to/output/directory.
After extracting frames, the video can be imported into our tool for annotation. The general syntax for this operation is:
$ turkic load identifier /path/to/output/directory Label1 Label2 LabelN
where identifier is a unique string that you will use to refer to this video, /path/to/output/directory is the directory of frames, and LabelX are class labels that you want annotated (e.g., Person, Car, Bicycle). You can have as many class labels as you wish, but you must have at least one.
When a video is imported, it is broken into small segments typically of only a few seconds. When all the segments are annotated, the annotations are merged across segments because each segment overlaps another by a small margin.
The above command specifies all of the required options, but there are many options available as well. We recommend using these options.
MTurk Options
--title The title that MTurk workers see
--description The description that MTurk workers see
--duration Time in seconds that a worker has to complete the task
--lifetime Time in seconds that the task is online
--keywords Keywords that MTurk workers can search on
--offline Disable MTurk and use for self annotation only
Compensation Options
--cost The price advertised to MTurk workers
--per-object-bonus A bonus in dollars paid for each object
--completion-bonus A bonus in dollars paid for completing the task
Qualification Options
--min-approved-percent Minimum percent of tasks the worker must have
approved before they can work for you
--min-approved-amount Minimum number of tasks that the worker must
have completed before they can work for you
Video Options
--length The length of each segment for this video in frames
--overlap The overlap between segments in frames
--use-frames When splitting into segments, only the frame intervals
specified in this file. Each line should contain a
start frame, followed by a space, then the stop frame.
Frames outside the intervals in this file will be
ignored.
--skip If specified, request annotations only every N frames.
--blow-radius When a user marks an annotation, blow away all other
annotations within this many frames. If you want to
allow the user to make fine-grained annotations, set
this number to a small integer, or 0 to disable. By
default, this is 5, which we recommend.
You can also specify temporal attributes that each object label can take on. For example, you may have a person object with attributes "walking", "running", or "sitting". You can specify attributes the same way as labels, except you prepend an ~ before the text, which bind the attribute to the previous label:
$ turkic load identifier /path/to/output/directory Label1 ~Attr1A ~Attr1B
Label2 ~Attr2A ~Attr2B ~Attr2C Label3
In the above example, Label1 will have attributes Attr1A and Attr1B, Label2 will have attributes Attr2B, Attr2B, and Attr2C and Label3 will have no attributes. Specifying attributes is optional.
It turns out that video annotation is extremely challenging and most MTurk workers lack the necessary patience. For this reason, we recommend requiring workers to pass a "gold standard" video. When a new worker visits the task, they will be redirected to a video for which the annotations are already known. In order to move on to the true annotations, the worker must correctly annotate the gold standard video first. We have found that this approach significantly improves the quality of the annotations.
To use this feature, import a video to be used as the gold standard:
$ turkic load identifier-train /path/to/frames Label1 Label2 LabelN
--for-training --for-training-start 0 --for-training-stop 500
--for-training-overlap 0.5 --for-training-tolerance 0.1
--for-training-mistakes 1
You can also use any of the options described above. Explanations for the new options are as follows:
--for-training Specifies that this video is gold standard
--for-training-start Specifies the first frame to use
--for-training-stop Specifies the last frame to use
--for-training-overlap Percent overlap that worker's boxes must match
--for-training-tolerance Percent that annotations must agree temporally
--for-training-mistakes The number of completely wrong annotations
allowed. We recommend setting this to a small,
nonzero integer.
After running the above command, it will provide you with an URL for you to input the ground truth annotation. You must make this ground truth annotation as careful as possible, as it will be used to evaluate future workers.
You can now specify that a video should use a gold standard video:
$ turkic load identifier /path/to/output/directory Label1 Label2 LabelN
--train-with identifier-train
When a not-yet-seen worker visits this video, they will now be redirected to to the training video and be required to pass the evaluation test first.
When you are ready for the MTurk workers to annotate, you must publish the tasks, which will allow workers to start annotating:
$ turkic publish
You can limit the number of tasks that are published:
$ turkic publish --limit 100
Running above command repeatedly will launch tasks in batches of 100. You can also disable all pending tasks:
$ turkic publish --disable
which will "unpublish" tasks that have not yet been completed.
If you have videos that are offline only, you can see their access URLs with the command:
$ turkic publish --offline
Note: for the above command to work, you must have loaded the video with the --offline parameter as well:
$ turkic load identifier /path/to/frames Person --offline
You can check the status of the video annotation server with the command:
$ turkic status
This will list various statistics about the server, such as number of jobs published and how many are completed. You can get even more statistics by requesting additional information from Amazon:
$ turkic status --turk
which will output how much money is left in your account, among other statistics.
When all the videos are annotated, the last line will read:
Server is offline.
You can get all the annotations for a video with the command:
$ turkic dump identifier -o output.txt
which will write the file "output.txt" where each line contains one annotation. Each line contains 10+ columns, separated by spaces. The definition of these columns are:
1 Track ID. All rows with the same ID belong to the same path.
2 xmin. The top left x-coordinate of the bounding box.
3 ymin. The top left y-coordinate of the bounding box.
4 xmax. The bottom right x-coordinate of the bounding box.
5 ymax. The bottom right y-coordinate of the bounding box.
6 frame. The frame that this annotation represents.
7 lost. If 1, the annotation is outside of the view screen.
8 occluded. If 1, the annotation is occluded.
9 generated. If 1, the annotation was automatically interpolated.
10 label. The label for this annotation, enclosed in quotation marks.
11+ attributes. Each column after this is an attribute.
By default, the above command will not attempt to merge annotations across shot segments. You can request merging with the command:
$ turkic dump identifier -o output.txt --merge --merge-threshold 0.5
The --merge-threshold option is optional, but it is a number between 0 and 1 that represents much the paths must agree in order to merge. 1 specifies a perfect match and 0 specifies no match. In practice, 0.5 is sufficient. Merging is done using the Hungarian algorithm.
You can also scale annotations by a factor, which is useful for when the videos have been downsampled:
$ turkic dump identifier -o output.txt -s 2.8
or force it to fit within a max dimension:
$ turkic dump identifier -o output.txt --dimensions 400x200
or force it to fit within the dimensions of the original video:
$ turkic dump identifier -o output.txt --original-video /path/to/video.mp4
The command can also output to many different formats. Available formats are:
--xml Use XML
--json Use JSON
--matlab Use MATLAB
--pickle Use Python's Pickle
--labelme Use LabelMe video's XML format
--pascal Use PASCAL VOC format, treating each frame as an image
The specifications for these formats should be self explanatory.
You can preview the annotations by visualizing the results:
$ turkic visualize identifier /tmp --merge
which will output frames to /tmp with the bounding boxes with the file name as the frame number. The visualization will contain some meta information that can help you identify bad workers. You can remove this meta information with the option:
$ turkic visualize identifer /tmp --merge --no-augment
If you want to make a video of the visualization (e.g., with ffmpeg), it is useful to renumber the frames so that they start counting at 0 and do not have any gaps:
$ turkic visualize identifier /tmp --merge --renumber
If you wish to display the class label and their attributes next to the box, specify the --labels option:
$ turkic visualize identifier /tmp --labels
When you are ready, you can compensate workers:
$ turkic compensate --default accept
which will pay all workers for all outstanding tasks. We strongly recommend paying all workers regardless of their quality. You should attempt to pay workers at least once per day.
If you have found a small mistake in a video and want to make the correction yourself, you can start an annotation session initialized with the MTurk workers annotations:
$ turkic find --id identifier
$ turkic find --id identifier --frame frame
where identifier is the identifier for the video and frame is the frame number that the error occurs. In most cases, this command will return one URL for you to make the corrections. If it outputs two URLs, it means the frame number occurs in two overlapping segments, and so you may have to make changes to both of the segments. You can also omit the frame argument, in which case it will output all URLs for that video.
If you want to find the HIT id, assignment ID, or worker ID for a particular video, specify the --ids parameter to the vet command:
$ turkic find --id identifer --ids
$ turkic find --id identifer --frame frame --ids
will print a list of all the IDs for the video. If the corresponding segment has been published and completed, it will list three strings: the HIT ID, assignment ID, and the worker ID. If the job has been published but not finished, it will just list the HIT ID. If the job has not yet been published, it prints "(not published)".
Additionally, if you want to find the job that corresponds to a particular HIT ID, you can use the find command:
$ turkic find --hitid HITID
The gold standard does a "pretty good" job of weeding out bad workers. Nonetheless, there will always be bad workers that we must identify and invalidate. Our tool provides a method to sample the annotations provided by workers, which you can then manually verify for correctness:
$ turkic sample /tmp
which by default will pick 3 random videos that the worker has completed, and pick 4 random frames from each of those videos, and write visualiations to a file in /tmp. You can tweak the number of videos and the number of frames with the options:
$ turkic sample /tmp --number 3 --frames 4
Moreover, you can only look at work from a certain date:
$ turkic sample /tmp --since "yesterday"
The filename will follow the format of WORKERID-JOBID.jpg. Once you have identified a mallicious worker, you can block them, invalidate ALL of their work, and respawn their jobs with the command:
$ turkic invalidate workerid
The options are also available:
--no-block invalidate and respawn, but don't block
--no-publish block and invalidate, but don't respawn
You can also invalidate and respawn individual jobs with the command:
$ turkic invalidate --hit hitid
You can retrieve a list of all videos in the system with:
$ turkic list
If you want just the videos that have been published:
$ turkic list --published
If you want just the videos that have been worked on:
$ turkic list --completed
If you instead want the videos that are used for gold standard:
$ turkic list --training
Finally, if you just want to count how many videos are in the system, use the --count option, in combination with any of the above:
$ turkic list --count
$ turkic list --published --count
If you want statistics about each video, then give the --stats option:
$ turkic list --stats
You can list all known workers with the command:
$ turkic workers
which will dump every worker with the number of jobs they have completed. You can also use this command to block and unblock workers:
$ turkic workers --block workerid
$ turkic workers --unblock workerid
You can also search for workers by the first few letters of their ID:
$ turkic workers --search A3M
You can delete a video at any time with:
$ turkic delete identifier
If the video has already been annotated (even partially), this command will warn you and abort. You can force deletion with:
$ turkic delete identifier --force
which will REMOVE ALL DATA AND CANNOT BE UNDONE.
When using our system, please cite:
Carl Vondrick, Donald Patterson, Deva Ramanan. "Efficiently Scaling Up
Crowdsourced Video Annotation" International Journal of Computer Vision
(IJCV). June 2012.
Please direct all comments and report all bugs to:
Carl Vondrick
[email protected]
Thanks for using our system!
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