audiowmark is an Open Source (GPL) solution for audio watermarking.
A sound file is read by the software, and a 128-bit message is stored in a watermark in the output sound file. For human listeners, the files typically sound the same.
However, the 128-bit message can be retrieved from the output sound file. Our tests show, that even if the file is converted to mp3 or ogg (with bitrate 128 kbit/s or higher), the watermark usually can be retrieved without problems. The process of retrieving the message does not need the original audio file (blind decoding).
Internally, audiowmark is using the patchwork algorithm to hide the data in the spectrum of the audio file. The signal is split into 1024 sample frames. For each frame, some pseoudo-randomly selected amplitudes of the frequency bands of a 1024-value FFTs are increased or decreased slightly, which can be detected later. The algorithm used here is inspired by
Martin Steinebach: Digitale Wasserzeichen für Audiodaten. Darmstadt University of Technology 2004, ISBN 3-8322-2507-2
If you are interested in the details how audiowmark works, there is
a separate
documentation for developers.
audiowmark is open source software available under the GPLv3
or later license.
Copyright © 2018-2020 Stefan Westerfeld
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
To add a watermark to the soundfile in.wav with a 128-bit message (which is specified as hex-string):
$ audiowmark add in.wav out.wav 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 Input: in.wav Output: out.wav Message: 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 Strength: 10 Time: 3:59 Sample Rate: 48000 Channels: 2 Data Blocks: 4
If you want to use audiowmark in any serious application, please read the
section Recommendations for the Watermarking Payload on how to generate the 128-bit message. Typically these
bits should be a hash or HMAC of some sort.
The most important options for adding a watermark are:
- --key <filename>
-
Use watermarking key from file <filename> (see Watermark Key).
- --strength <s>
-
Set the watermarking strength (see Watermark Strength).
To get the 128-bit message from the watermarked file, use:
$ audiowmark get out.wav pattern 0:05 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.324 0.059 A pattern 0:57 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.413 0.112 B pattern 0:57 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.368 0.086 AB pattern 1:49 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.302 0.098 A pattern 2:40 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.361 0.093 B pattern 2:40 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.331 0.096 AB pattern all 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.350 0.054
The output of audiowmark get is designed to be machine readable. Each line
that starts with pattern contains one decoded message. The fields are
seperated by one or more space characters. The first field is a timestamp
indicating the position of the data block. The second field is the decoded
message. For most purposes this is all you need to know.
The software was designed under the assumption that the message is a hash or
HMAC of some sort. Before you start using audiowmark in any serious
application, please read the section Recommendations for the Watermarking Payload. You - the user - should
be able to decide whether a message is correct or not. To do this, on
watermarking song files, you could create a database entry for each message
you embedded in a watermark. During retrieval, you should perform a database
lookup for each pattern audiowmark get outputs. If the message is not found,
then you should assume that a decoding error occurred. In our example each
pattern was decoded correctly, because the watermark was not damaged at all,
but if you for instance use lossy compression (with a low bitrate), it may
happen that only some of the decoded patterns are correct. Or none, if the
watermark was damaged too much.
The third field is the sync score (higher is better). The synchronization algorithm tries to find valid data blocks in the audio file, that become candidates for decoding.
The fourth field is the decoding error (lower is better). During message decoding, we use convolutional codes for error correction, to make the watermarking more robust.
The fifth field is the block type. There are two types of data blocks, A blocks and B blocks. A single data block can be decoded alone, as it contains a complete message. However, if during watermark detection an A block followed by a B block was found, these two can be decoded together (then this field will be AB), resulting in even higher error correction capacity than one block alone would have.
To improve the error correction capacity even further, the all pattern
combines all data blocks that are available. The combined decoded
message will often be the most reliable result (meaning that even if all
other patterns were incorrect, this could still be right).
The most important options for getting a watermark are:
- --key <filename>
-
Use watermarking key from file <filename> (see Watermark Key).
- --strength <s>
-
Set the watermarking strength (see Watermark Strength).
- --detect-speed
- --detect-speed-patient
-
Detect and correct replay speed difference (see Speed Detection).
- --json <file>
-
Write results to <file> in machine readable JSON format.
Since the software is Open Source, a watermarking key should be used to ensure that the message bits cannot be retrieved by somebody else (which would also allow removing the watermark without loss of quality). The watermark key controls all pseudo-random parameters of the algorithm. This means that it determines which frequency bands are increased or decreased to store a 0 bit or a 1 bit. Without the key, it is impossible to decode the message bits from the audio file alone.
Our watermarking key is a 128-bit AES key. A key can be generated using
audiowmark gen-key test.key
and can be used for the add/get commands as follows:
audiowmark add --key test.key in.wav out.wav 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 audiowmark get --key test.key out.wav
Keys can be named using the gen-key --name option, and the key name will be
reported for each match:
audiowmark gen-key oct23.key --name "October 2023"
Finally, it is possible to use the --key option more than once for watermark
detection. In this case, all keys that are specified will be tried. This is
useful if you change keys on a regular basis, and passing multiple keys is
more efficient than performing watermark detection multiple times with one
key.
audiowmark get --key oct23.key --key nov23.key --key dec23.key out.wav
The watermark strength parameter affects how much the watermarking algorithm modifies the input signal. A stronger watermark is more audible, but also more robust against modifications. The default strength is 10. A watermark with that strength is recoverable after mp3/ogg encoding with 128kbit/s or higher. In our informal listening tests, this setting also has a very good subjective quality.
A higher strength (for instance 15) would be helpful for instance if robustness against multiple conversions or conversions to low bit rates (i.e. 64kbit/s) is desired.
A lower strength (for instance 6) makes the watermark less audible, but also less robust. Strengths below 5 are not recommended. To set the strength, the same value has to be passed during both, generation and retrieving the watermark. Fractional strengths (like 7.5) are possible.
audiowmark add --strength 15 in.wav out.wav 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 audiowmark get --strength 15 out.wav
Although audiowmark does not specify what the 128-bit message stored in the
watermark should be, it was designed under the assumption that the message
should be a hash or HMAC of some sort.
Lets look at a typical use case. We have a song called Dreams by an artist called Alice. A user called John Smith downloads a watermarked copy.
Later, we find this file somewhere on the internet. Typically we want to answer the questions:
-
is this one of the files we previously watermarked?
-
what song/artist is this?
-
which user shared it?
When the user downloads a watermarked copy, we construct a string that contains all information we need to answer our questions, for example like this:
Artist:Alice|Title:Dreams|User:John Smith
To obtain the 128-bit message, we can hash this string, for instance by using the first 128 bits of a SHA-256 hash like this:
$ STRING='Artist:Alice|Title:Dreams|User:John Smith' $ MSG=`echo -n "$STRING" | sha256sum | head -c 32` $ echo $MSG ecd057f0d1fbb25d6430b338b5d72eb2
This 128-bit message can be used as watermark:
$ audiowmark add --key my.key song.wav song.wm.wav $MSG
At this point, we should also create a database entry consisting of the
hash value $MSG and the corresponding string $STRING.
The shell commands for creating the hash are listed here to provide a
simplified example. Fields (like the song title) can contain the characters '
and |, so these cases need to be dealt with.
If we find a watermarked copy of the song on the net, the first step is to detect the watermark message using
$ audiowmark get --key my.key song.wm.wav pattern 0:05 ecd057f0d1fbb25d6430b338b5d72eb2 1.377 0.068 A pattern 0:57 ecd057f0d1fbb25d6430b338b5d72eb2 1.392 0.109 B [...]
The second step is to perform a database lookup for each result returned by
audiowmark. If we find a matching entry in our database, this is one of the
files we previously watermarked.
As a last step, we can use the string stored in the database, which contains the song/artist and the user that shared it.
The advantages of using a hash as message are:
-
Although
audiowmarksometimes produces false positives, this doesn’t matter, because it is extremely unlikely that a false positive will match an existing database entry. -
Even if a few bit errors occur, it is extremely unlikely that a song watermarked for user A will be attributed to user B, simply because all hash bits depend on the user. So this is a much better payload than storing a user ID, artist ID and song ID in the message bits directly.
-
It is easy to extend, because we can add any fields we need to the hash string. For instance, if we want to store the name of the album, we can simply add it to the string.
-
If the hash matches exactly, it is really hard to deny that it was this user who shared the song. How else could all 128 bits of the hash match the message bits decoded by
audiowmark?
If a watermarked audio signal is played back a little faster or slower than the original speed, watermark detection will fail. This could happen by accident if the digital watermark was converted to an analog signal and back and the original speed was not (exactly) preserved. It could also be done intentionally as an attack to avoid the watermark from being detected.
In order to be able to find the watermark in these cases, audiowmark can try
to figure out the speed difference to the original audio signal and correct the
replay speed before detecting the watermark. The search range for the replay
speed is approximately [0.8..1.25].
Example: add a watermark to in.wav and increase the replay speed by 5% using
sox.
$ audiowmark add in.wav out.wav 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 [...] $ sox out.wav out1.wav speed 1.05
Without speed detection, we get no results. With speed detection the speed difference is detected and corrected so we get results.
$ audiowmark get out1.wav $ audiowmark get out1.wav --detect-speed speed 1.049966 pattern 0:05 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.209 0.147 A-SPEED pattern 0:57 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.301 0.143 B-SPEED pattern 0:57 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.255 0.145 AB-SPEED pattern 1:49 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.380 0.173 A-SPEED pattern all 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.297 0.130 SPEED
The speed detection algorithm is not enabled by default because it is relatively slow (total cpu time required) and needs a lot of memory. However the search is automatically run in parallel using many threads on systems with many cpu cores. So on good hardware it makes sense to always enable this option to be robust to replay speed attacks.
There are two versions of the speed detection algorithm, --detect-speed and
--detect-speed-patient. The difference is that the patient version takes
more cpu time to detect the speed, but produces more accurate results.
By default, the watermark will store a 128-bit message. In this mode, we recommend using a 128bit hash (or HMAC) as payload. No error checking is performed, the user needs to test patterns that the watermarker decodes to ensure that they really are one of the expected patterns, not a decoding error.
As an alternative, an experimental short payload option is available, for very
short payloads (12, 16 or 20 bits). It is enabled using the --short <bits>
command line option, for instance for 16 bits:
audiowmark add --short 16 in.wav out.wav abcd audiowmark get --short 16 out.wav
Internally, a larger set of bits is sent to ensure that decoded short patterns are really valid, so in this mode, error checking is performed after decoding, and only valid patterns are reported.
Besides error checking, the advantage of a short payload is that fewer bits need to be sent, so decoding will more likely to be successful on shorter clips.
For video files, videowmark can be used to add a watermark to the audio track
of video files. To add a watermark, use
$ videowmark add in.avi out.avi 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 Audio Codec: -c:a mp3 -ab 128000 Input: in.avi Output: out.avi Message: 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 Strength: 10 Time: 3:53 Sample Rate: 44100 Channels: 2 Data Blocks: 4
To detect a watermark, use
$ videowmark get out.avi pattern 0:05 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.294 0.142 A pattern 0:57 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.191 0.144 B pattern 0:57 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.242 0.145 AB pattern 1:49 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.215 0.120 A pattern 2:40 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.079 0.128 B pattern 2:40 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.147 0.126 AB pattern all 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 1.195 0.104
The key and strength can be set using the command line options
- --key <filename>
-
Use watermarking key from file <filename> (see Watermark Key).
- --strength <s>
-
Set the watermarking strength (see Watermark Strength).
Videos can be watermarked on-the-fly using HTTP Live Streaming.
Usually, an input file is read, watermarked and an output file is written. This means that it takes some time before the watermarked file can be used.
An alternative is to output the watermarked file as stream to stdout. One use case is sending the watermarked file to a user via network while the watermarker is still working on the rest of the file. Here is an example how to watermark a wav file to stdout:
audiowmark add in.wav - 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 | play -
In this case the file in.wav is read, watermarked, and the output is sent to stdout. The "play -" can start playing the watermarked stream while the rest of the file is being watermarked.
If - is used as output, the output is a valid .wav file, so the programs
running after audiowmark will be able to determine sample rate, number of
channels, bit depth, encoding and so on from the wav header.
Note that all input formats supported by audiowmark can be used in this way, for instance flac/mp3:
audiowmark add in.flac - 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 | play - audiowmark add in.mp3 - 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 | play -
Similar to the output, the audiowmark input can be a stream. In this case,
the input must be a valid .wav file. The watermarker will be able to
start watermarking the input stream before all data is available. An
example would be:
cat in.wav | audiowmark add - out.wav 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677
It is possible to do both, input from stream and output as stream.
cat in.wav | audiowmark add - - 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 | play -
Streaming input is also supported for watermark detection.
cat in.wav | audiowmark get -
In some cases, the length of the streaming input is not known by the program that produces the stream. For instance consider a mp3 that is being decoded by madplay.
cat in.mp3 | madplay -o wave:- - | audiowmark add - out.wav f0
Since madplay doesn’t know the length of the output when it starts decoding the mp3, the best it can do is to fill the wav header with a big number. And indeed, audiowmark will watermark the stream, but also print a warning like this:
audiowmark: warning: unexpected EOF; input frames (1073741823) != output frames (8316288)
This may sound harmless, but for very long input streams, this will also
truncate the audio input after this length. If you already know that you need
to input a wav file from a pipe (without correct length in the header) and
simply want to watermark all of it, it is better to use the wav-pipe format:
cat in.mp3 | madplay -o wave:- - | audiowmark add --input-format wav-pipe --output-format rf64 - out.wav f0
This will not print a warning, and it also works correctly for long input
streams. Note that using rf64 as output format is necessary for huge output
files (larger than 4G).
Similar to pipe input, audiowmark can write a wav header with a huge number (in
cases where it does not know the length in advance) if the output format is set
to wav-pipe.
cat in.mp3 | madplay -o wave:- - | audiowmark add --input-format wav-pipe --output-format wav-pipe - - f0 | lame - > out.mp3
If you need both, wav-pipe input and output, a shorter way to write it is
using --format wav-pipe, like this:
cat in.mp3 | madplay -o wave:- - | audiowmark add --format wav-pipe - - f0 | lame - > out.mp3
So far, all streams described here are essentially wav streams, which means
that the wav header allows audiowmark to determine sample rate, number of
channels, bit depth, encoding and so forth from the stream itself, and the a
wav header is written for the program after audiowmark, so that this can
figure out the parameters of the stream.
If the program before or after audiowmark doesn’t support wav headers, raw
streams can be used instead. The idea is to set all information that is needed
like sample rate, number of channels,… manually. Then, headerless data can
be processed from stdin and/or sent to stdout.
- --input-format raw
- --output-format raw
- --format raw
-
These can be used to set the input format or output format to raw. The last version sets both, input and output format to raw.
- --raw-rate <rate>
-
This should be used to set the sample rate. The input sample rate and the output sample rate will always be the same (no resampling is done by the watermarker). There is no default for the sampling rate, so this parameter must always be specified for raw streams.
- --raw-input-bits <bits>
- --raw-output-bits <bits>
- --raw-bits <bits>
-
The options can be used to set the input number of bits, the output number of bits or both. The number of bits can either be
16or24. The default number of bits is16. - --raw-input-endian <endian>
- --raw-output-endian <endian>
- --raw-endian <endian>
-
These options can be used to set the input/output endianness or both. The <endian> parameter can either be
littleorbig. The default endianness islittle. - --raw-input-encoding <encoding>
- --raw-output-encoding <encoding>
- --raw-encoding <encoding>
-
These options can be used to set the input/output encoding or both. The <encoding> parameter can either be
signedorunsigned. The default encoding issigned. - --raw-channels <channels>
-
This can be used to set the number of channels. Note that the number of input channels and the number of output channels must always be the same. The watermarker has been designed and tested for stereo files, so the number of channels should really be
2. This is also the default.
- --output-format rf64
-
Regular wav files are limited to 4GB in size. By using this option,
audiowmarkwill write RF64 wave files, which do not have this size limit. This is not the default because not all programs might be able to read RF64 wave files. - --q, --quiet
-
Disable all information messages generated by
audiomark. - --strict
-
This option will enable strict error checking, which may in some situations make
audiowmarkreturn an error, where it could continue.
HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) is a protocol to deliver audio or video streams via
HTTP. One example for using HLS in practice would be: a user watches a video
in a web browser with a player like hls.js. The user is free to
play/pause/seek the video as he wants. audiowmark can watermark the audio
content while it is being transmitted to the user.
HLS splits the contents of each stream into small segments. For the watermarker this means that if the user seeks to a position far ahead in the stream, the server needs to start sending segments from where the new play position is, but everything in between can be ignored.
Another important property of HLS is that it allows separate segments for the video and audio stream of a video. Since we watermark only the audio track of a video, the video segments can be sent as they are (and different users can get the same video segments). What is watermarked are the audio segments only, so here instead of sending the original audio segments to the user, the audio segments are watermarked individually for each user, and then transmitted.
Everything necessary to watermark HLS audio segments is available within
audiowmark. The server side support which is necessary to send the right
watermarked segment to the right user is not included.
HLS support requires some headers/libraries from ffmpeg:
-
libavcodec
-
libavformat
-
libavutil
-
libswresample
To enable these as dependencies and build audiowmark with HLS support, use the
--with-ffmpeg configure option:
$ ./configure --with-ffmpeg
In addition to the libraries, audiowmark also uses the two command line
programs from ffmpeg, so they need to be installed:
-
ffmpeg
-
ffprobe
The first step for preparing content for streaming with HLS would be splitting a video into segments. For this documentation, we use a very simple example using ffmpeg. No matter what the original codec was, at this point we force transcoding to AAC with our target bit rate, because during delivery the stream will be in AAC format.
$ ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -f hls -master_pl_name replay.m3u8 -c:a aac -ab 192k \ -var_stream_map "a:0,agroup:aud v:0,agroup:aud" \ -hls_playlist_type vod -hls_list_size 0 -hls_time 10 vs%v/out.m3u8
This splits the video.mp4 file into an audio stream of segments in the vs0
directory and a video stream of segments in the vs1 directory. Each segment
is approximately 10 seconds long, and a master playlist is written to
replay.m3u8.
Now we can add the relevant audio context to each audio ts segment. This is
necessary so that when the segment is watermarked in order to be transmitted to
the user, audiowmark will have enough context available before and after the
segment to create a watermark which sounds correct over segment boundaries.
$ audiowmark hls-prepare vs0 vs0prep out.m3u8 video.mp4 AAC Bitrate: 195641 (detected) Segments: 18 Time: 2:53
This steps reads the audio playlist vs0/out.m3u8 and writes all segments
contained in this audio playlist to a new directory vs0prep which
contains the audio segments prepared for watermarking.
The last argument in this command line is video.mp4 again. All audio
that is watermarked is taken from this audio master. It could also be
supplied in wav format. This makes a difference if you use lossy
compression as target format (for instance AAC), but your original
video has an audio stream with higher quality (i.e. lossless).
So with all preparations made, what would the server have to do to send a
watermarked version of the 6th audio segment vs0prep/out5.ts?
$ audiowmark hls-add vs0prep/out5.ts send5.ts 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 Message: 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 Strength: 10 Time: 0:15 Sample Rate: 44100 Channels: 2 Data Blocks: 0 AAC Bitrate: 195641
So instead of sending out5.ts (which has no watermark) to the user, we would send send5.ts, which is watermarked.
In a real-world use case, it is likely that the server would supply the input segment on stdin and send the output segment as written to stdout, like this
$ [...] | audiowmark hls-add - - 0123456789abcdef0011223344556677 | [...] [...]
The usual parameters are supported in audiowmark hls-add, like
- --key <filename>
-
Use watermarking key from file <filename> (see Watermark Key).
- --strength <s>
-
Set the watermarking strength (see Watermark Strength).
The AAC bitrate for the output segment can be set using:
- --bit-rate <bit_rate>
-
Set the AAC bit-rate for the generated watermarked segment.
The rules for the AAC bit-rate of the newly encoded watermarked segment are:
-
if the --bit-rate option is used during
hls-add, this bit-rate will be used -
otherwise, if the
--bit-rateoption is used duringhls-prepare, this bit-rate will be used -
otherwise, the bit-rate of the input material is detected during
hls-prepare
Stable releases are available from http://uplex.de/audiowmark
The steps to compile the source code are:
./configure make make install
If you build from git (which doesn’t include configure), the first
step is ./autogen.sh. In this case, you need to ensure that (besides
the dependencies listed below) the autoconf-archive package is
installed.
Windows is not an officially supported platform. However, if you want to build audiowmark (and videowmark) from source on windows, one way to do so is to use Cygwin. Andreas Strohmeier provided build instructions for Cygwin.
If you compile from source, audiowmark needs the following libraries:
-
libfftw3
-
libsndfile
-
libgcrypt
-
libzita-resampler
-
libmpg123
If you want to build with HTTP Live Streaming support, see also HLS Requirements.
audiowmark needs the single prevision variant of fftw3.
If you are building fftw3 from source, use the --enable-float
configure parameter to build it, e.g.::
cd ${FFTW3_SOURCE}
./configure --enable-float --enable-sse && \
make && \
sudo make install
or, when building from git
cd ${FFTW3_GIT}
./bootstrap.sh --enable-shared --enable-sse --enable-float && \
make && \
sudo make install
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