A quasigroup or latin square is an n × n array filled with n different symbols, each occurring exactly once in each row and exactly once in each column. In Quasigroup Completion Problem, a partial assignment of a latin square is given and one has to find whether it's possible to assign the remaining cells so that the result is a valid latin square.

So how do we approach solving the problem?

We can use Backtracking to solve the problem. But backtracking visits a lot of nodes, most of which are backtracked from. If we could somehow avoid assigning the current variable a value that directly clashes with the assignment of past variables, we could have managed to prune a lot of unnecessary branches.

Forward Checking makes sure that we don't visit those unncessary branches, that directly contradict with the assignment of past variables. The AC3 algorithm for FC described here is used to make sure that we never assign the contradicting values to a variable. Still we are visiting a lot of nodes (but a lot less than plain backtracking) from which we are backtracked.

Maintaining Arc Consistency takes the pruning one step further. It uses a AC3 algorithm for MAC described here to detect also the conflicts between future variables and therefore allows branches of the search tree that will lead to failure to be pruned earlier than with forward checking.

Variable Ordering determines which unassigned variable to assign next at some depth of the search tree we are traversing. Five types of ordering were reported:

• Smallest Domain First
• Minimum Forward Degree
• Brelaz (minimizes domain size and then break ties by minimizing forward degree)
• DOMDDEG (minimizes domain size to forward degree ratio)
• Row Major (just pick the unassigned cells one by one sequentially)

After we have picked the variable (cell) for assignment, Value Ordeing is used to determine in which order should we try assigning a value from the current domain of the variable. Two types of ordering were reported:

• Sequential Ordering (try the available values from smallest to largest)
• Diagonal Frequency Ordering (give priority to values which occur more frequently in the diagonally adjacent assigned cells of the selected cell)