|
\cos\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right) + Q_{\text{i}} |
|
\cos\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right) \right] |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) \\ |
|
+ \left[ - K_{\text{c}} W_{\text{i}} - \Delta H_{\text{i}} + |
|
U_{\text{t,i}} \sin\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right) + Q_{\text{i}} |
|
\sin\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right) \right] |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) - U_{\text{b,i}} \end{array} |
|
\right) \cdot \tan\left(\varphi'\right) \\ |
|
+ c'_{\text{i}} \cdot b_{\text{i}} \cdot |
|
\sec\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) \end{array} \)\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Description & $R$ is the resistive shear force (N)\newline$W$ is the weight (N)\newline$i$ is the index\newline${U_{t}}$ is the surface hydrostatic force (N)\newline$\beta{}$ is the angle (${}^{\circ}$)\newline$Q$ is the imposed surface load (N)\newline$\omega{}$ is the angle (${}^{\circ}$)\newline$\alpha{}$ is the angle (${}^{\circ}$)\newline${K_{c}}$ is the earthquake load factor\newline$\Delta{}H$ is the difference between interslice forces (N)\newline${U_{b}}$ is the base hydrostatic force (N)\newline$\varphi{}'$ is the effective angle of friction (${}^{\circ}$)\newline$c'$ is the effective cohesion (Pa)\newline$b$ is the base width of a slice (m) |
|
\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Sources& \cite{ZhuEtAl2005}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Ref.\ By & \iref{IM_FS}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
\end{tabular} |
|
\end{minipage}\\ |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% End DD R % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
\subsubsection*{Resistive Shear Force, Without the |
|
Influence of Interslice Forces Derivation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
The resistive shear force of a slice is defined as $P_\text{i}$ in |
|
\dref{GD_P}. The effective normal in the equation for $P_\text{i}$ of |
|
the soil is defined in the perpendicular force equilibrium of a slice |
|
from \dref{GD_Fy}, Using the effective normal $N'_\text{i}$ of |
|
\tref{TM_EffStress} shown in equation~(\ref{eq:N'}). |
|
|
|
\begin{equation} \label{eq:N'} |
|
N'_{\text{i}} \; = \begin{array}{l} |
|
\left[ W_{\text{i}} - X_{\text{i-1}} + X_{\text{i}} + |
|
{U_{\text{t,i}}}\;{\cos\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right)} + |
|
Q_{\text{i}}\;{\cos\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
\right]\cos\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) \\ + \left[ |
|
{-K_{\text{c}}}\;{W_{\text{i}}} - E_{\text{i}} + E_{\text{i-1}} - |
|
H_{\text{i}} + H_{\text{i-1}} + |
|
{U_{\text{t,i}}}\;{\sin\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right)} + |
|
Q_{\text{i}}\;{\sin\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
\right]\sin\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) \\ - |
|
U_{\text{b,i}} \end{array} |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
The values of the interslice forces $E$ and $X$ in the equation are |
|
unknown, while the other values are found from the physical force |
|
definitions of \ddref{DD_W} to \ddref{DD_EX}. Consider a force |
|
equilibrium without the affect of interslice |
|
forces, to obtain a solvable value as done for $N^*_\text{i}$ in |
|
equation~(\ref{eq:N*}). |
|
|
|
\begin{equation} \label{eq:N*} |
|
N^*_{\text{i}} \; = \begin{array}{l} |
|
\left[ W_{\text{i}} + |
|
{U_{\text{t,i}}}\;{\cos\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right)} + |
|
Q_{\text{i}}\;{\cos\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
\right]\cos\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) \\ + \left[ |
|
{-K_{\text{c}}}\;{W_{\text{i}}}- H_{\text{i}} + H_{\text{i-1}} + |
|
{U_{\text{t,i}}}\;{\sin\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right)} + |
|
Q_{\text{i}}\;{\sin\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
\right]\sin\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) - |
|
U_{\text{b,i}} \end{array} |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
Using $N^*_\text{i}$, a resistive shear force neglecting the influence |
|
of interslice forces can be solved for in terms of all known values as |
|
done in equation~(\ref{eq:R}). |
|
|
|
\begin{equation*} |
|
R_\text{i} = N^*_\text{i} \tan\left(\varphi'\right) + c'_\text{i} |
|
\cdot b'_\text{i} \sec\left(\alpha_text{i}'\right) |
|
\end{equation*} |
|
|
|
\begin{equation}\label{eq:R} R_{\text{i}} \; = |
|
\left( \begin{array}{l} \left[ W_{\text{i}} + U_{\text{t,i}} |
|
\cos\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right) + Q_{\text{i}} |
|
\cos\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right) \right] |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) \\ + \left[ - K_{\text{c}} |
|
W_{\text{i}} - \Delta H_{\text{i}} + U_{\text{t,i}} |
|
\sin\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right) + Q_{\text{i}} |
|
\sin\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right) \right] |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) - U_{\text{b,i}} \end{array} |
|
\right) \cdot \tan\left(\varphi'\right) + c'_{\text{i}} \cdot |
|
b_{\text{i}} \cdot \sec\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
~\newline |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% Begin DD T % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} |
|
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.6} |
|
\begin{tabular}{| p{1.5cm} | p{14cm} |} |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
Number& DD\refstepcounter{datadefnum}\thedatadefnum \label{DD_T}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
Label& \bf Mobile Shear, Without Interslice Forces \\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
Equation & |
|
$T$ = $\left(W_{i}+{U_{t,i}}\cos\left(\beta{}_{i}\right)+Q_{i}\cos\left(\omega{}_{i}\right)\right)\sin\left(\alpha{}_{i}\right)-\left(-{K_{c}}W_{i}-{\Delta{}H}_{i}+{U_{t,i}}\sin\left(\beta{}_{i}\right)+Q_{i}\sin\left(\omega{}_{i}\right)\right)\cos\left(\alpha{}_{i}\right)$ |
|
\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Description & $T$ is the mobilized shear force (N)\newline$W$ is the weight (N)\newline$i$ is the index\newline${U_{t}}$ is the surface hydrostatic force (N)\newline$\beta{}$ is the angle (${}^{\circ}$)\newline$Q$ is the imposed surface load (N)\newline$\omega{}$ is the angle (${}^{\circ}$)\newline$\alpha{}$ is the angle (${}^{\circ}$)\newline${K_{c}}$ is the earthquake load factor\newline$\Delta{}H$ is the difference between interslice forces (N) |
|
\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
Sources& \cite{ZhuEtAl2005}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Ref.\ By & \iref{IM_FS}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
\end{tabular} |
|
\end{minipage}\\ |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% End DD T % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
\subsubsection*{Mobile Shear Force, Without the |
|
Influence of Interslice Forces Derivation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
The mobile shear force acting on a slice is defined as $S_\text{i}$ |
|
from the force equilibrium in \dref{GD_Fy},also shown in |
|
equation~(\ref{eq:Si}). |
|
|
|
\begin{equation} \label{eq:Si} |
|
S_{\text{i}} = \begin{array}{l} \left[ W_{\text{i}} -X_{\text{i-1}} |
|
+ X_{\text{i}} + |
|
{U_{\text{t,i}}}\;{\cos\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right)} + |
|
Q_{\text{i}}\;{\cos\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
\right]\sin\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) \\ - \left[ |
|
{-K_{\text{c}}}\;{W_{\text{i}}} - E_{\text{i}} + E_{\text{i-1}} |
|
- H_{\text{i}} + H_{\text{i-1}} + |
|
{U_{\text{t,i}}}\;{\sin\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right)} + |
|
Q_{\text{i}}\;{\cos\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
\right]\cos\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) \end{array} |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
The equation is unsolvable, containing the unknown interslice normal |
|
force $E$ and shear force $X$. Consider a force equilibrium without |
|
the affect of interslice forces, to obtain the mobile shear force |
|
without the influence of interslice forces $T$, as done in |
|
equation~(\ref{eq:T}).n |
|
|
|
\begin{equation} \label{eq:T} T_{\text{i}} = |
|
\begin{array}{l} |
|
\left[ W_{\text{i}} + U_{\text{t,i}} \cos\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right) |
|
+ Q_{\text{i}} \cos\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right) \right] |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) \\ - \left[ - K_{\text{c}} |
|
W_{\text{i}} - \Delta H_{\text{i}} + U_{\text{t,i}} |
|
\sin\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right) + Q_{\text{i}} |
|
\sin\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right) \right] |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) \end{array} |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
The values of $R_\text{i}$ and $T_\text{i}$ are now defined completely |
|
in terms of the known force property values of \ddref{DD_W} to |
|
\ddref{DD_EX}. |
|
|
|
~\newline |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% Begin DD K Mats % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} |
|
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.6} |
|
\begin{tabular}{| p{1.5cm} | p{14cm} |} |
|
|
|
\hline Number& |
|
DD\refstepcounter{datadefnum}\thedatadefnum \label{DD_KMats}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Label& \bf Force \\ |
|
|
|
\hline Equation & $p$ = $\begin{bmatrix} |
|
{K_{st,i}} & 0\\ |
|
0 & {K_{bn,i}} |
|
\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} |
|
{\delta{}x}_{i}\\ |
|
{\delta{}y}_{i} |
|
\end{bmatrix}$ |
|
\\ |
|
|
|
|
|
\hline Description & $p$ is the pressure (Pa)\newline${K_{st}}$ is the shear stiffness ($\frac{\text{Pa}}{\text{m}}$)\newline$i$ is the index\newline${K_{bn}}$ is the normal stiffness ($\frac{\text{Pa}}{\text{m}}$)\newline$\delta{}x$ is the displacement (m)\newline$\delta{}y$ is the displacement (m) |
|
\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Sources& \cite{StolleGuo}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Ref.\ By & \iref{IM_RFEM}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
\end{tabular} |
|
\end{minipage}\\ |
|
|
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} |
|
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.6} |
|
\begin{tabular}{| p{1.5cm} | p{14cm} |} |
|
|
|
\hline Number& |
|
DD\refstepcounter{datadefnum}\thedatadefnum \label{DD_KMats}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Label& \bf Force \\ |
|
|
|
\hline Equation & $p$ = $\begin{bmatrix} |
|
{K_{bA,i}} & {K_{bB,i}}\\ |
|
{K_{bB,i}} & {K_{bA,i}} |
|
\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} |
|
{\delta{}x}_{i}\\ |
|
{\delta{}y}_{i} |
|
\end{bmatrix}$ |
|
\\ |
|
|
|
|
|
\hline Description &$p$ is the pressure (Pa)\newline${K_{bA}}$ is the effective base stiffness A ($\frac{\text{Pa}}{\text{m}}$)\newline$i$ is the index\newline${K_{bB}}$ is the effective base stiffness A ($\frac{\text{Pa}}{\text{m}}$)\newline$\delta{}x$ is the displacement (m)\newline$\delta{}y$ is the displacement (m) |
|
\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Sources& \cite{StolleGuo}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Ref.\ By & \iref{IM_RFEM}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
\end{tabular} |
|
\end{minipage}\\ |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% End DD K Mats % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
\subsubsection*{Derivation of Stifness Matrixes} |
|
\noindent |
|
Using the force-displacement relationship of \dref{GD_Hookes} to |
|
define stiffness matrix ${K_\text{st}}$, as seen in |
|
equation~(\ref{eq:Kmat}). |
|
|
|
\begin{equation} \label{eq:Kmat} |
|
{K_\text{st,i}} = \left[ \begin{array}{l l} |
|
K_\text{st,i} & 0 \\ 0 & K_\text{bn,i}\end{array} \right] |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
For interslice surfaces the stiffness constants and displacements |
|
refer to an unrotated coordinate system, ${\delta}$ of |
|
\dref{GD_DispVecs}. The interslice elements are left in their standard |
|
coordinate system, and therefore are described by the same equation |
|
from \dref{GD_Hookes}. Seen as ${K}_\text{st}$ in |
|
\ddref{DD_KMats}. $K_\text{st}$ is the shear element in the matrix, |
|
and $K_\text{sn}$ is the normal element in the matrix, calculated as |
|
in \ddref{DD_Stiff}. |
|
|
|
~\newline\noindent For basal surfaces the stiffness constants and |
|
displacements refer to a system rotated for the base angle alpha |
|
(\ddref{DD_Angles}). To analyze the effect of force-displacement |
|
relationships occurring on both basal and interslice surfaces of an |
|
element $i$ they must reference the same coordinate system. The |
|
basal stiffness matrix must be rotated counter clockwise to align with |
|
the angle of the basal surface. The base stiffness counter clockwise |
|
rotation is applied in equation~(\ref{eq:Krot}) to the new matrix |
|
$\bar{K^*_\text{i}}$. |
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{equation} \label{eq:Krot} |
|
\begin{aligned} \bar{K^*_\text{i}} & = |
|
\left[ \begin{array}{l l} \cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) & - |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)\\ \sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
& \cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)\end{array} \right] |
|
\bar{K_\text{i}}\\ {} & = \left[ \begin{array}{l l} K_\text{bt,i} |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) & - K_\text{bn,i} |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)\\ K_\text{bt,i} |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) & K_\text{bn,i} |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)\end{array}\right] |
|
\end{aligned} \end{equation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
The Hooke's law force displacement relationship of \dref{GD_Hookes} |
|
applied to the base also references a displacement vector |
|
$\bar{\epsilon}_\text{i}$ of \dref{GD_DispVecs} rotated for the base |
|
angle angle of the slice $\alpha_\text{i}$. The basal displacement |
|
vector $\bar{\epsilon}_\text{i}$ is rotated clockwise to align with |
|
the interslice displacement vector $\bar{\delta}_\text{i}$, applying |
|
the definition of $\bar{\epsilon}_\text{i}$ in terms of |
|
$\bar{\delta}_\text{i}$ as seen in \dref{GD_DispVecs}. Using this with |
|
base stiffness matrix $\bar{K^*}_\text{i}$, a basal force displacement |
|
relationship in the same coordinate system as the interslice |
|
relationship can be derived as done in equation~(\ref{eq:pRot}). |
|
|
|
\begin{equation}\label{eq:pRot} \begin{aligned} |
|
\left[ \begin{array}{l} p_\text{bx,i} |
|
\\ p_\text{by,i} \end{array}\right] |
|
& = \bar{K^*_\text{i}} \; \bar{\epsilon} \\ |
|
{} & = \left[ \begin{array}{l l} K_\text{bt,i} |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) & - K_\text{bn,i} |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)\\ K_\text{bt,i} |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) & K_\text{bn,i} |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)\end{array}\right] |
|
\left[ \begin{array}{l l} \cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
&\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)\\ |
|
-\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
& \cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)\end{array}\right] |
|
\left[ \begin{array}{l} \delta x_\text{i} |
|
\\ \delta y_\text{i} \end{array} \right] \\ |
|
{} & = \left[ \begin{array}{l l} |
|
K_\text{bt,i} \cos^2\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)+ |
|
K_\text{bn,i} \sin^2\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
& \left(K_\text{bt,i} - K_\text{bn,i}\right) |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)\\ |
|
\left(K_\text{bt,i} - K_\text{bn,i}\right) |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
& K_\text{bt,i} \cos^2\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)+ |
|
K_\text{bn,i} \sin^2\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
\end{array} \right] |
|
\left[ \begin{array}{l} \delta x_\text{i} |
|
\\ \delta y_\text{i} |
|
\end{array} \right]\end{aligned} |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
The new effective base stiffness matrix $K'_\text{i}$,as derived in |
|
equation~(\ref{eq:Krot}) is defined in equation~(\ref{eq:K'}). This is |
|
seen as matrix $\bar{K}_\text{b,i}$ in |
|
\dref{DD_KMats}. $K_\text{bt,i}$ is the shear element in the matrix, |
|
and $K_\text{bn,i}$ is the normal element in the matrix, calculated as |
|
in \ddref{DD_Stiff}. The notation is simplified by the introduction of |
|
the constants $K_\text{bA,i}$ and $K_\text{bB,i}$, defined in |
|
equations~(\ref{eq:KbA}) and (\ref{eq:KbB}) respectively. |
|
|
|
\begin{equation} \label{eq:K'} |
|
\begin{aligned} & \bar{ K'_\text{i}} |
|
= \left[ \begin{array}{l l} |
|
K_\text{bt,i} \cos^2\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)+ |
|
K_\text{bn,i} \sin^2\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
& \left(K_\text{bt,i} - K_\text{bn,i}\right) |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)\\ |
|
\left(K_\text{bt,i} - K_\text{bn,i}\right) |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
& K_\text{bt,i} \cos^2\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)+ |
|
K_\text{bn,i} \sin^2\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
\end{array} \right] \\ |
|
& \bar{ K'_\text{i}} = \left[ \begin{array}{l l} |
|
K_\text{bA,i} & K_\text{bB,i} \\ |
|
K_\text{bB,i} & K_\text{bA,i} |
|
\end{array} \right] \end{aligned} \end{equation} |
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{equation} \label{eq:KbA} |
|
K_\text{bA,i} = K_\text{bt,i} \cos^2\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right)+ |
|
K_\text{bn,i} \sin^2\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
\begin{equation} \label{eq:KbB} |
|
K_\text{bB,i} = \left(K_\text{bt,i} - K_\text{bn,i}\right) |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
A force-displacement relationship for an element $\text{i}$ can be |
|
written in terms of displacements occurring in the unrotated |
|
coordinate system $\bar{\delta}_\text{i}$ of \dref{GD_DispVecs} using |
|
the matrix $K_\text{s,i}$, and $K_\text{b,i}$ as seen in |
|
\ddref{DD_KMats}. |
|
|
|
~\newline |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% Begin DD Eqm % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} |
|
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.6} |
|
\begin{tabular}{| p{1.5cm} | p{14.25cm} |} |
|
|
|
\hline Number& |
|
DD\refstepcounter{datadefnum}\thedatadefnum \label{DD_Eqm}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Label& \bf Force \\ |
|
|
|
\hline Equation & |
|
$F$ = $\left(-{\ell{}_{s,i-1}}\right){K_{sn,i-1}}\delta{}_{i-1}+\left({\ell{}_{s,i-1}}{K_{sn,i-1}}+{\ell{}_{b,i}}{K_{bn,i}}+{\ell{}_{s,i}}{K_{sn,i}}\right)\delta{}_{i}-{\ell{}_{s,i}}{K_{sn,i}}\delta{}_{i+1}$ |
|
\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Description & $F$ is the force (N)\newline${\ell{}_{s}}$ is the length of an interslice surface (m)\newline$i$ is the index\newline${K_{sn}}$ is the normal stiffness ($\frac{\text{Pa}}{\text{m}}$)\newline$\delta{}$ is the displacement (m)\newline${\ell{}_{b}}$ is the total base length of a slice (m)\newline${K_{bn}}$ is the normal stiffness ($\frac{\text{Pa}}{\text{m}}$) |
|
\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Sources& \cite{StolleGuo}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Ref.\ By & \iref{IM_RFEM}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
\end{tabular} |
|
\end{minipage}\\ |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% End DD Eqm % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
~\newline |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% Begin DD Soil Stiffness % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} |
|
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.6} |
|
\begin{tabular}{| p{1.5cm} | p{14cm} |} |
|
|
|
\hline Number& |
|
DD\refstepcounter{datadefnum}\thedatadefnum \label{DD_Stiff}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Label& \bf Shear Stiffness \\ |
|
|
|
\hline Input & $E$ , $\nu$ , $b$ , $c$ , $\sigma$ , $\phi$ , $\kappa$ |
|
$a$ , $A$ , $u$ , $v$\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
Output & |
|
${K_{bt}}$ = $\frac{E}{2\left(1+\nu{}\right)}\frac{0.1}{b}+\frac{{c'}_{i}-\sigma{}\tan\left({\varphi{}'}_{i}\right)}{|\delta{}u|+a}$ |
|
\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Description & ${K_{bt}}$ is the shear stiffness ($\frac{\text{Pa}}{\text{m}}$)\newline$E$ is the interslice normal force (N)\newline$\nu{}$ is the Poisson's ratio\newline$b$ is the base width of a slice (m)\newline$c'$ is the effective cohesion (Pa)\newline$i$ is the index\newline$\sigma{}$ is the normal stress (Pa)\newline$\varphi{}'$ is the effective angle of friction (${}^{\circ}$)\newline$\delta{}u$ is the displacement (m)\newline$a$ is the constant (m) |
|
\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Sources& \cite{StolleGuo}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Ref.\ By & \iref{IM_RFEM}, \iref{IM_RFEMFS}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
\end{tabular} |
|
\end{minipage}\\ |
|
|
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} |
|
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.6} |
|
\begin{tabular}{| p{1.5cm} | p{14cm} |} |
|
|
|
\hline Number& |
|
DD\refstepcounter{datadefnum}\thedatadefnum \label{DD_Stiff}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Label& \bf Normal Stiffness \\ |
|
|
|
\hline Input & $E$ , $\nu$ , $b$ , $c$ , $\sigma$ , $\phi$ , $\kappa$ |
|
$a$ , $A$ , $u$ , $v$\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
Output & |
|
${K_{bn}}$ = $\begin{cases} |
|
\frac{E\left(1-\nu{}\right)}{\left(1+\nu{}\right)\left(1-2\nu{}+b\right)}, & \nu{}<0\\ |
|
0.01\frac{E\left(1-\nu{}\right)}{\left(1+\nu{}\right)\left(1-2\nu{}+b\right)}+\frac{\kappa{}}{\delta{}v+A}, & \nu{}\geq{}0 |
|
\end{cases}$ |
|
\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Description & ${K_{bn}}$ is the normal stiffness ($\frac{\text{Pa}}{\text{m}}$)\newline$E$ is the interslice normal force (N)\newline$\nu{}$ is the Poisson's ratio\newline$b$ is the base width of a slice (m)\newline$\kappa{}$ is the constant (Pa)\newline$\delta{}v$ is the displacement (m)\newline$A$ is the constant (m) |
|
\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Sources& \cite{StolleGuo}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Ref.\ By & \iref{IM_RFEM}, \iref{IM_RFEMFS}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
\end{tabular} |
|
\end{minipage}\\ |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% End DD Soil Stiffness % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
|
|
\subsubsection{Instance Models} \label{sec_instance} |
|
|
|
This section transforms the problem defined in the |
|
Section~\ref{Sec_pd} into one which is expressed in mathematical |
|
terms. It uses concrete symbols defined in Section~\ref{sec_datadef} |
|
to replace the abstract symbols in the models identified in the |
|
Sections~\ref{sec_theoretical} and ~\ref{sec_gendef}. |
|
|
|
~\newline\noindent The Morgenstern Price Method is a vertical slice, |
|
limit equilibrium slope stability analysis method. Analysis is |
|
performed by breaking the assumed failure surface into a series of |
|
vertical slices of mass. Static equilibrium analysis using two force |
|
equilibrium, and one moment equation as in \tref{TM_Eqm}. The problem |
|
is statically indeterminate with only these 3 equations and one |
|
constitutive equation (the Mohr Coulomb shear strength of |
|
\tref{TM_Fmc}) so the assumption of \dref{GD_X} is used. Solving for |
|
force equilibrium allows definitions of all forces in terms of the |
|
physical properties of \ddref{DD_W} to \ddref{DD_EX}, as done in |
|
\ddref{DD_R}, \ddref{DD_T}. |
|
|
|
~\newline\noindent The values of the interslice normal force $E$ the |
|
interslice normal/shear force magnitude ratio $\lambda$, and the |
|
Factor of Safety $\text{FS}$, are unknown. Equations for the unknowns |
|
are written in terms of only the values in \ddref{DD_W} to |
|
\ddref{DD_EX}, the values of $R$, and $T$ in |
|
\ddref{DD_R} and \ddref{DD_T}, and each other. The relationships |
|
between the unknowns are non linear, and therefore explicit equations |
|
cannot be derived and an iterative solution method is required. |
|
|
|
|
|
~\newline |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% Begin IM Factor of safety % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} |
|
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.6} |
|
\begin{tabular}{| p{1.5cm} | p{14cm} |} |
|
|
|
\hline Number& |
|
IM\refstepcounter{instnum}\theinstnum \label{IM_FS}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Label& \bf Factor of Safety \\ |
|
|
|
\hline Input & ${\Psi_{\text{v}}}$ , ${\Phi_{\text{v}}}$ , |
|
${T_{\text{v}}}$ , ${R_{\text{v}}}$ \\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
Output & |
|
\( {FS}= \frac{\displaystyle\sum_{v=1}^{n-1} \left[ {R_{v}} |
|
\;{\displaystyle\prod_{c=i}^{n-1} \frac{\Psi_{u}}{\Phi_{u}} |
|
}\right] + {R_{n}} }{\displaystyle\sum_{v=1}^{n-1} \left[ {T_{v}} |
|
\;{\displaystyle\prod_{c=i}^{n-1} \frac{\Psi_{u}}{\Phi_{u}} |
|
}\right] + {T_{n}} } \)\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Description & Equation for the Factor of Safety, the ratio |
|
between resistive and mobile shear the slip surface. The sum of values |
|
from each slice is taken to find the total resistive and mobile shear |
|
for the slip surface. The constants $\Phi$ and $\Psi$ convert the |
|
resistive and mobile shear without the influence of interslice forces, |
|
to a calculation considering the interslice forces. \\ |
|
|
|
\hline Sources& \cite{ZhuEtAl2005}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Ref.\ By & \iref{IM_Lambda}, \iref{IM_E}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
\end{tabular} |
|
\end{minipage}\\ |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% End IM Factor of Safety % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
\subsubsection*{Factor of Safety Derivation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
Using equation~(\ref{eq:Interslice2}) from |
|
section~\ref{sec:Ederivation}, rearranging, and applying the boundary |
|
condition that $E_{\text{0}}$ and $E_{\text{n}}$ are equal to $0$ an |
|
equation for the factor of safety is found as equation~(\ref{eq:FS}), |
|
also seen in \iref{IM_FS}. |
|
|
|
\begin{equation}\label{eq:FS} |
|
\text{FS}= \frac{\displaystyle\sum_{v=1}^{n-1} \left[ {R_{v}} |
|
\;{\displaystyle\prod_{c=v}^{n-1} \frac{\Psi_{u}}{\Phi_{u}} |
|
}\right] + {R_{n}} }{\displaystyle\sum_{v=1}^{n-1} \left[ |
|
{T_{v}} \;{\displaystyle\prod_{c=v}^{n-1} |
|
\frac{\Psi_{u}}{\Phi_{u}} }\right] + {T_{n}} } |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
The constants $\Psi$ and $\Phi$ described in equations \ref{eq:Psi} |
|
and \ref{eq:Phi} are functions of the unknowns: the interslice |
|
normal/shear force ratio $\lambda$ (\iref{IM_Lambda}) and the Factor |
|
of Safety $\text{FS}$ (\iref{IM_FS}). |
|
|
|
~\newline |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% Begin IM Lambda % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} |
|
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.6} |
|
\begin{tabular}{| p{1.5cm} | p{14cm} |} |
|
|
|
\hline Number& |
|
IM\refstepcounter{instnum}\theinstnum \label{IM_Lambda}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Label& \bf Normal/Shear Force Ratio \\ |
|
|
|
\hline Input & $b_{\text{v}}$ , $E_{\text{v}}$ , $H_{\text{v}}$ , |
|
$\alpha_{\text{v}}$ , $h_{\text{v}}$ , $W_{\text{v}}$ , |
|
$U_{\text{t,v}}$ , $\beta_{\text{v}}$ , $f_{\text{v}}$ , |
|
${K_{\text{c}}}$ \\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
Output & |
|
\( {C1_{\text{i}}}= \) |
|
\( \left\{ |
|
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{2} |
|
\begin{tabular}{ p{6.5cm} r} |
|
$ {{b}_{\text{1}}}\left[{{E}_{\text{1}} + {H}_{\text{1}}} |
|
\right]{\tan\left(\alpha_{\text{1}}\right) } $ & $ |
|
\text{i}={\text{1}} $ \\ |
|
\noindent\parbox[c]{\hsize} {$ {{b}_{\text{i}}} \left[ |
|
\left({{E}_{\text{i}} + {E}_{\text{i-1}}}\right) + |
|
\left({{H}_{\text{i}} + {H}_{\text{i-1}}}\right) |
|
\right]{\tan\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right)} \\ + |
|
{{h}_{\text{i}}}\left( {K_{\text{c}}}\;{W_{\text{i}}} - |
|
{2}\;{U_{\text{t,i}}}\;{\sin\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right)} - |
|
{2}\;{Q_{\text{i}}}\;{\cos\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right)} \right) $} |
|
& $ 2\leq\text{i}\leq{\text{n-1}} $ \\ $ |
|
{{b}_{\text{n}}}\left[{{E}_{\text{n-1}} + |
|
{H}_{\text{n-1}}}\right]{\tan\left(\alpha_{\text{n-1}}\right) |
|
} $ & $ \text{i}=\text{n} $ \\ |
|
\end{tabular} |
|
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1} |
|
\right. \) |
|
~\newline~\newline |
|
\( {C2_{\text{i}}}= \) |
|
\( \left\{ |
|
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{2} |
|
\begin{tabular}{ p{7cm} r} |
|
$ {{b}_{\text{1}}}{{E}_{\text{1}}}{f_{\text{1}}} $ & $ |
|
\text{i}=\text{1} $ \\ $ {{b}_{\text{i}}}\;{\left({ |
|
{f_{\text{i}}}{{E}_{\text{i}}} + |
|
{f_{\text{i-1}}}{{E}_{\text{i-1}}} }\right)} $ & $ |
|
2\leq\text{i}\leq{\text{n-1}} $ \\ $ |
|
{{b}_{\text{n}}}{{E}_{\text{n-1}}}{f_{\text{n-1}}} $ & $ |
|
\text{v}=\text{n} $ \\ |
|
\end{tabular} |
|
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1} |
|
\right. \) |
|
~\newline |
|
\( \lambda= \frac{ \displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n} {C1_{\text{i}}}} |
|
{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n} {C2_{\text{i}}}} \) \\ |
|
|
|
\hline Description & $\lambda$ is the magnitude ratio between shear |
|
and normal forces at the interslice interfaces as the assumption of |
|
the Morgenstern Price method in \dref{GD_X}. The inclination function |
|
$f$ determines the relative magnitude ratio between the different |
|
interslices, while $\lambda$ determines the magnitude. $\lambda$ uses |
|
the sum of interslice normal and shear forces taken from each |
|
interslice. \\ |
|
|
|
\hline Sources& \cite{ZhuEtAl2005}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Ref.\ By & \iref{IM_FS}, \iref{IM_E} \\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
\end{tabular} |
|
\end{minipage}\\ |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% End IM Lambda % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
\subsubsection*{Normal/Shear Force Ratio Derivation} |
|
|
|
The last static equation of \tref{TM_Eqm} the moment equilibrium of |
|
\dref{GD_M} about the midpoint of the base is taken, with the |
|
assumption of \dref{GD_X}. Results in equation~(\ref{eq:Moment}). |
|
|
|
\begin{equation}\label{eq:Moment} |
|
0 = \begin{array}{l} - {E}_{\text{i}} \left[ {z_{\text{i}}} - |
|
\frac{b_{\text{i}}}{2} { \tan\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
\right] + {E}_{\text{i-1}} \left[ {z_{\text{i-1}}} + |
|
\frac{b_{\text{i}}}{2} { \tan\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
\right] - H_{\text{i}}\left[ z_{\text{w,i}} - |
|
\frac{b_{\text{i}}}{2} { \tan\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
\right] \\[5pt] + H_{\text{i-1}}\left[ z_{\text{w,i-1}} + |
|
\frac{b_{\text{i}}}{2} { \tan\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
\right] -\lambda \frac{b_{\text{i}}}{2} \left( E_{\text{i}} |
|
f_{\text{i}} + E_{\text{i-1}} f_{\text{i-1}} \right) + |
|
K_{\text{c}} W_{\text{i}} \frac{h_{\text{i}}}{2} - U_{\text{t,i}} |
|
\sin\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right) h_{\text{i}} - |
|
Q_{\text{i}}\;{\sin\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
h_{\text{i}} \end{array} |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
Rearranging the equation in terms of $\lambda$ leads to equation |
|
~(\ref{eq:lambda1}). |
|
|
|
\begin{equation}\label{eq:lambda1} |
|
\lambda = \frac { \begin{array}{l} - {E}_{\text{i}} \left[ |
|
{z_{\text{i}}} - \frac{b_{\text{i}}}{2} { |
|
\tan\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right)} \right] + |
|
{E}_{\text{i-1}} \left[ {z_{\text{i-1}}} + |
|
\frac{b_{\text{i}}}{2} { \tan\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
\right] - H_{\text{i}}\left[ z_{\text{i}} - |
|
\frac{b_{\text{i}}}{2} { \tan\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
\right] \\[5pt] + H_{\text{i-1}}\left[ z_{\text{i-1}} + |
|
\frac{b_{\text{i}}}{2} { \tan\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
\right] + K_{\text{c}} W_{\text{i}} \frac{h_{\text{i}}}{2} - |
|
U_{\text{t,i}} \sin\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right) h_{\text{i}} - |
|
Q_{\text{i}}\;{\sin\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right)} |
|
h_{\text{i}} \end{array} } { \frac{b_{\text{i}}}{2} \left[ |
|
E_{\text{i}} f_{\text{i}} + E_{\text{i-1}} f_{\text{i-1}} |
|
\right] } |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
Taking a summation of each slice, and considering the boundary |
|
conditions that $E_{\text{0}}$ and $E_{\text{n}}$ are equal to zero, a |
|
general equation for the constant $\lambda$ is developed in |
|
equation~(\ref{eq:Lambda}), also found in \iref{IM_Lambda}. |
|
|
|
\begin{equation}\label{eq:Lambda} |
|
\lambda= \frac{ \displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n} { {b_{\text{i}}} \left[ |
|
\left({{E}_{\text{i}} + {E}_{\text{i-1}}}\right) + |
|
\left({{H}_{\text{i}} + {H}_{\text{i-1}}}\right) |
|
\right]{\tan\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right)} \\ + |
|
{{h}_{\text{i}}}\;\left[ {K_{\text{c}}}\;{W_{\text{i}}} - |
|
{2}\;{U_{\text{t,i}}}\;{\sin\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right)} - {2} |
|
\; Q_{\text{i}}\;{\sin\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right)} \right] }} |
|
{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n} { {{b}_{\text{i}}}\;{\left[{ |
|
{f_{i}}{{E}_{\text{i}}} + |
|
{f_{\text{i-1}}}{{E}_{\text{i-1}}} }\right]} }} |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
Equation~(\ref{eq:Lambda}) for $\lambda$, is a function of the unknown |
|
interslice normal force $E$ (\iref{IM_E}). |
|
|
|
~\newline |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% Begin IM E % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} |
|
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.6} |
|
\begin{tabular}{| p{1.5cm} | p{14cm} |} |
|
|
|
\hline Number& |
|
IM\refstepcounter{instnum}\theinstnum \label{IM_E}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Label& \bf Interslice Forces \\ |
|
|
|
\hline Input & $\text{FS}$, $T_\text{i}$, $R_\text{i}$, $\Psi$, |
|
$\Phi$\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
Output & |
|
|
|
\( E_{\text{i}}= \) |
|
\( \left\{ |
|
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.75} |
|
\begin{tabular}{ p{3cm} l} |
|
$ \frac{ \left(\text{FS}\right) T_{\text{1}} - R_{\text{1}} }{ |
|
\Phi_{\text{i}} } $ & $\text{i=1}$ \\ |
|
\noindent\parbox[c]{\hsize} {$ \frac{ \Psi_{\text{i-1}} \cdot |
|
E_{\text{i-1}} + \left(\text{FS}\right) \cdot T_{\text{i}} - |
|
R_{\text{i}} }{ \Phi_{\text{i}} } $} & |
|
$2\leq\text{i}\leq\text{n-1}$ \\ |
|
\noindent\parbox[c]{\hsize} {$0 $} & $\text{i=0}$ $\vee$ $\text{i=n}$ |
|
\end{tabular} |
|
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1} |
|
\right. \) \\ |
|
|
|
\hline Description & The value of the interslice normal force |
|
$E_\text{i}$ at interface $\text{i}$. The net force the weight of the |
|
slices adjacent to interface $\text{i}$ exert horizontally on each |
|
other.\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Sources& \cite{ZhuEtAl2005}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline Ref.\ By & \iref{IM_FS}, \iref{IM_Lambda}\\ |
|
|
|
\hline |
|
\end{tabular} |
|
\end{minipage}\\ |
|
|
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
% End IM E % |
|
% ------------------------------------------ % |
|
|
|
\subsubsection*{Interslice Force Derivation} \label{sec:Ederivation} |
|
|
|
Taking the perpendicular force equilibrium of \dref{GD_Fx} with the |
|
effective stress definition from \tref{TM_EffStress} that |
|
$N_{\text{i}}=N'_{\text{i}} - U_{\text{b,i}}$, and the assumption of |
|
\dref{GD_X} the equilibrium equation can be rewritten as |
|
equation~(\ref{eq:F_perp}). |
|
|
|
\begin{equation}\label{eq:F_perp} N'_{\text{i}} = \begin{array}{l} |
|
\left[ W_{\text{i}} - \lambda \cdot f_{\text{i-1}} \cdot |
|
E_{\text{i-1}} + \lambda \cdot f_{\text{i}} \cdot E_{\text{i}} + |
|
U_{\text{t,i}} {\cos\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right)} + |
|
Q_{\text{i}} \cos\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right) |
|
\right]\cos\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) \\ + \left[ |
|
-K_{\text{c}} W_{\text{i}} - E_{\text{i}} + E_{\text{i-1}} - |
|
H_{\text{i}} + H_{\text{i-1}} + U_{\text{t,i}} |
|
\sin\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right) + Q_{\text{i}} |
|
\sin\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right) \right] |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) - U_{\text{b,i}} \end{array} |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
Taking the base shear force equilibrium of \dref{GD_Fy} with the |
|
definition of mobilized shear from \dref{GD_MobShear} and the assumption |
|
of \dref{GD_X}, the equilibrium equation can be rewritten as |
|
equation~(\ref{eq:F_par}). |
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{equation} \label{eq:F_par} |
|
\frac{ N_{\text{i}} \tan\left(\varphi'\right_{i}) + c'_{\text{i}} \cdot |
|
b'_{\text{i}} \cdot \sec\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) }{ |
|
\text{FS} } = \begin{array}{l} \left[ W_{\text{i}} - \lambda \cdot |
|
f_{\text{i-1}} \cdot E_{\text{i-1}} + \lambda \cdot f_{\text{i}} |
|
\cdot E_{\text{i}} + U_{\text{t,i}} |
|
\cos\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right) + Q_{\text{i}} |
|
\cos\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right) \right] |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) \\ - \left[ -K_{\text{c}} |
|
W_{\text{i}} - E_{\text{i}} + E_{\text{i-1}} - H_{\text{i}} + |
|
H_{\text{i-1}} + U_{\text{t,i}} \cdot |
|
\sin\left(\beta_{\text{i}}\right) + Q_{\text{i}} |
|
\sin\left(\omega_{\text{i}}\right) \right] |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_{\text{i}}\right) \end{array} |
|
\end{equation} |
|
|
|
\noindent |
|
Substituting the equation for $N'_{\text{i}}$ from |
|
equation~(\ref{eq:F_perp}) into equation~(\ref{eq:F_par}) and |
|
rearranging results in equation~(\ref{eq:Interslice1}) |
|
|
|
\begin{equation}\label{eq:Interslice1} |
|
E_\text{i} \left[ \begin{array}{l} \left[ \lambda \cdot f_\text{i} |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) - |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) \right] |
|
\tan\left(\varphi'\right_{i}) \\ - \left[ \lambda \cdot f_\text{i} |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) + |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) \right] |
|
\left(\text{FS}\right) \end{array} \right] = E_\text{i-1} |
|
\left[ \begin{array}{l} \left[ \lambda \cdot f_\text{i-1} |
|
\cos\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) - |
|
\sin\left(\alpha_\text{i}\right) \right] |
|
\tan\left(\varphi'\right_{i}) \\ - \left[ \lambda \cdot f_\text{i-1} |