A foundation model is a large-scale pretrained model (e.g., BERT, DALL-E, GPT-3) that can be adapted to a wide range of downstream applications. This term was first popularized by the Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence. This repository maintains a curated list of foundation models for vision and language tasks. Research papers without code are not included.

• [2023.10] Foundational Models in Medical Imaging: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Vision (from SDSU)
• [2023.09] Multimodal Foundation Models: From Specialists to General-Purpose Assistants (from Microsoft)
• [2023.08] Towards Generalist Foundation Model for Radiology (from SJTU)
• [2023.07] Foundational Models Defining a New Era in Vision: A Survey and Outlook (from MBZ University of AI)
• [2023.07] Towards Generalist Biomedical AI (from Google)
• [2023.07] Foundational Models Defining a New Era in Vision: A Survey and Outlook
• [2023.07] A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering on Vision-Language Foundation Models (from University of Oxford)
• [2023.06] Large Multimodal Models: Notes on CVPR 2023 Tutorial (from Chunyuan Li, Microsoft.)
• [2023.06] A Survey on Multimodal Large Language Models
• [2023.04] Vision-Language Models for Vision Tasks: A Survey
• [2023.04] Foundation Models for Generalist Medical Artificial Intelligence
• [2023.03] A Comprehensive Survey on Pretrained Foundation Models: A History from BERT to ChatGPT
• [2023.03] A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A History of Generative AI from GAN to ChatGPT
• [2022.12] Vision-language pre-training: Basics, recent advances, and future trends
• [2022.07] On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models (This survey first popularizes the concept of foundation model; from Standford)

• Tracking Everything Everywhere All at Once (from Cornell, ICCV 2023 best student paper)
• Foundation Models for Generalist Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (from IBM and NASA)
• LLaMA 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models (from Meta)
• InternLM-XComposer: A Vision-Language Large Model for Advanced Text-image Comprehension and Composition (from Shanghai AI Lab)
• The All-Seeing Project: Towards Panoptic Visual Recognition and Understanding of the Open World (from Shanghai AI Lab)
• Meta-Transformer: A Unified Framework for Multimodal Learning (from CUHK and Shanghai AI Lab)
• Retentive Network: A Successor to Transformer for Large Language Models (from Microsoft and Tsinghua University)
• Neural World Models for Computer Vision (PhD Thesis of Anthony Hu from University of Cambridge)
• Recognize Anything: A Strong Image Tagging Model (a strong foundation model for image tagging. from OPPO)
• Towards Visual Foundation Models of Physical Scenes (describes a first step towards learning general-purpose visual representations of physical scenes using only image prediction as a training criterion; from AWS)
• LIMA: Less Is More for Alignment (65B parameters, from Meta)
• PaLM 2 Technical Report (from Google)
• IMAGEBIND: One Embedding Space To Bind Them All (from Meta)
• SEEM: Segment Everything Everywhere All at Once (from University of Wisconsin-Madison, HKUST, and Microsoft)
• SAM: Segment Anything (the first foundation model for image segmentation; from Meta)
• SegGPT: Segmenting Everything In Context (from BAAI, ZJU, and PKU)
• Images Speak in Images: A Generalist Painter for In-Context Visual Learning (from BAAI, ZJU, and PKU)
• UniDector: Detecting Everything in the Open World: Towards Universal Object Detection (CVPR, from Tsinghua and BNRist)
• Unmasked Teacher: Towards Training-Efficient Video Foundation Models (from Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai AI Laboratory)
• Visual Prompt Multi-Modal Tracking (from Dalian University of Technology and Peng Cheng Laboratory)
• Toward Building General Foundation Models for Language, Vision, and Vision-Language Understanding Tasks (from ByteDance)
• EVA-CLIP: Improved Training Techniques for CLIP at Scale (from BAAI and HUST)
• EVA-02: A Visual Representation for Neon Genesis (from BAAI and HUST)
• EVA-01: Exploring the Limits of Masked Visual Representation Learning at Scale (CVPR, from BAAI and HUST)
• LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models (A collection of foundation language models ranging from 7B to 65B parameters; from Meta)
• The effectiveness of MAE pre-pretraining for billion-scale pretraining (from Meta)
• BloombergGPT: A Large Language Model for Finance (50 billion parameters; from Bloomberg)
• BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model (this work was coordinated by BigScience whose goal is to democratize LLMs.)
• FLIP: Scaling Language-Image Pre-training via Masking (from Meta)
• BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Models (from Saleforce Research)
• GPT-4 Technical Report (from OpenAI)
• Visual ChatGPT: Talking, Drawing and Editing with Visual Foundation Models (from Microsoft Research Asia)
• UNINEXT: Universal Instance Perception as Object Discovery and Retrieval (a unified model for 10 instance perception tasks; CVPR, from ByteDance)
• InternVideo: General Video Foundation Models via Generative and Discriminative Learning (from Shanghai AI Lab)
• InternImage: Exploring Large-Scale Vision Foundation Models with Deformable Convolutions (CVPR, from Shanghai AI Lab)
• BridgeTower: Building Bridges Between Encoders in Vision-Language Representation Learning (from Harbin Institute of Technology and Microsoft Research Asia)

• BEVT: BERT Pretraining of Video Transformers (CVPR, from Shanghai Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing)
• Foundation Transformers (from Microsoft)
• A Generalist Agent (known as Gato, a multi-modal, multi-task, multi-embodiment generalist agent; from DeepMind)
• FIBER: Coarse-to-Fine Vision-Language Pre-training with Fusion in the Backbone (from Microsoft, UCLA, and New York University)
• Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning (from DeepMind)
• MetaLM: Language Models are General-Purpose Interfaces (from Microsoft)
• Point-E: A System for Generating 3D Point Clouds from Complex Prompts (efficient 3D object generation using a text-to-image diffusion model; from OpenAI)
• Image Segmentation Using Text and Image Prompts (CVPR, from University of Göttingen)
• Unifying Flow, Stereo and Depth Estimation (A unified model for three motion and 3D perception tasks; from ETH Zurich)
• PaLI: A Jointly-Scaled Multilingual Language-Image Model (from Google)
• VideoMAE: Masked Autoencoders are Data-Efficient Learners for Self-Supervised Video Pre-Training (NeurIPS, from Nanjing University, Tencent, and Shanghai AI Lab)
• SLIP: Self-supervision meets Language-Image Pre-training (ECCV, from UC Berkeley and Meta)
• GLIPv2: Unifying Localization and VL Understanding (NeurIPS'22, from UW, Meta, Microsoft, and UCLA)
• GLIP: Grounded Language-Image Pre-training (CVPR, from UCLA and Microsoft)
• BLIP: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training for Unified Vision-Language Understanding and Generation (from Salesforce Research)
• NUWA-Infinity: Autoregressive over Autoregressive Generation for Infinite Visual Synthesis (from Microsoft)
• PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways (from Google)
• CoCa: Contrastive Captioners are Image-Text Foundation Models (from Google)
• Parti: Scaling Autoregressive Models for Content-Rich Text-to-Image Generation (from Google)
• A Unified Sequence Interface for Vision Tasks (from Google Research, Brain Team)
• Imagen: Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding (from Google)
• Stable Diffusion: High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models (CVPR, from Stability and Runway)
• Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models (BIG-Bench: a 204-task extremely difficult and diverse benchmark for LLMs, 444 authors from 132 institutions)
• CRIS: CLIP-Driven Referring Image Segmentation (from University of Sydney and OPPO)
• Masked Autoencoders As Spatiotemporal Learners (extension of MAE to videos; NeurIPS, from Meta)
• Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learners (CVPR 2022, from FAIR)
• InstructGPT: Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback (trained with humans in the loop; from OpenAI)
• A Unified Sequence Interface for Vision Tasks (NeurIPS 2022, from Google)
• DALL-E2: Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latents (from OpenAI)
• Robust and Efficient Medical Imaging with Self-Supervision (from Google, Georgia Tech, and Northwestern University)
• Video Swin Transformer (CVPR, from Microsoft Research Asia)
• OFA: Unifying Architectures, Tasks, and Modalities Through a Simple Sequence-to-Sequence Learning Framework (ICML 2022. from Alibaba.)
• Mask2Former: Masked-attention Mask Transformer for Universal Image Segmentation (CVPR 2022, from FAIR and UIUC)
• FLAVA: A Foundational Language And Vision Alignment Model (CVPR, from Facebook AI Research)
• Towards artificial general intelligence via a multimodal foundation model (Nature Communication, from Renmin University of China)
• FILIP: Fine-Grained Interactive Language-Image Pre-Training (ICLR, from Huawei and HKUST)
• SimVLM: Simple Visual Language Model Pretraining with Weak Supervision (ICLR, from CMU and Google)
• GLIDE: Towards Photorealistic Image Generation and Editing with Text-Guided Diffusion Models (from OpenAI)

• Unifying Vision-and-Language Tasks via Text Generation (from UNC-Chapel Hill)
• ALIGN: Scaling Up Visual and Vision-Language Representation Learning With Noisy Text Supervision (PMLR, from Google)
• UniT: Multimodal Multitask Learning with a Unified Transformer (ICCV, from FAIR)
• WenLan: Bridging Vision and Language by Large-Scale Multi-Modal Pre-Training (This paper presents the first large-scale Chinese multimodal pre-training model called BriVL; from Renmin University of China)
• Codex: Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code (a GPT language model finetuned on public code from GitHub, from OpenAI and Anthropic AI)
• Florence: A New Foundation Model for Computer Vision (from Microsoft)
• DALL-E: Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation (from OpenAI)
• CLIP: Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision (from OpenAI)
• Multimodal Few-Shot Learning with Frozen Language Models (NeurIPS, from DeepMind)
• Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windows (ICCV, from Microsoft Research Asia)
• An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale (The first Vision Transfomer with pure self-attention blocks; ICLR, from Google)

• GPT-3: Language Models are Few-Shot Learners (175B parameters; permits in-context learning compared with GPT-2; from OpenAI)
• UNITER: UNiversal Image-TExt Representation Learning (from Microsoft)
• T5: Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer (from Google)
• GPT-2: Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners (1.5B parameters; from OpenAI)
• LXMERT: Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformers (EMNLP, from UNC-Chapel Hill)
• BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (from Google AI Language)
• GPT: Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training (from OpenAI)
• Attention Is All You Need (NeurIPS, from Google and UoT)

• FLIP: Scaling Language-Image Pre-training via Masking (from Meta)
• BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Models (proposes a generic and efficient VLP strategy based on off-the-shelf frozen vision and language models. from Saleforce Research)
• BLIP: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training for Unified Vision-Language Understanding and Generation (from Salesforce Research)
• SLIP: Self-supervision meets Language-Image Pre-training (ECCV, from UC Berkeley and Meta)
• GLIP: Grounded Language-Image Pre-training (CVPR, from UCLA and Microsoft)
• ALIGN: Scaling Up Visual and Vision-Language Representation Learning With Noisy Text Supervision (PMLR, from Google)
• RegionCLIP: Region-Based Language-Image Pretraining
• CLIP: Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision (from OpenAI)

• SEEM: Segment Everything Everywhere All at Once (from University of Wisconsin-Madison, HKUST, and Microsoft)
• SAM: Segment Anything (the first foundation model for image segmentation; from Meta)
• SegGPT: Segmenting Everything In Context (from BAAI, ZJU, and PKU)

• GPT-4 Technical Report (from OpenAI)
• GPT-3: Language Models are Few-Shot Learners (175B parameters; permits in-context learning compared with GPT-2; from OpenAI)
• GPT-2: Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners (1.5B parameters; from OpenAI)
• GPT: Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training (from OpenAI)

• Green AI (introduces the concept of Red AI vs Green AI)

• The Lottery Ticket Hypothesis: Finding Sparse, Trainable Neural Networks (the lottery ticket hypothesis, from MIT)

• Other Challenges and Opportunities: Trust, reliability, safe use, interpretability, self-improvement, adaptation, augmentation, and understanding/predicting capability.

• Towards AGI in Computer Vision: Lessons Learned from GPT and Large Language Models (from Huawei)

• Awesome-CV-Foundational-Models (maintained by Muhammad Awais)
• Awesome-Healthcare-Foundation-Models (maintained by Jianing Qiu)