A lightweight CommonJS Promises/A and when() implementation. It also provides several other useful Promise-related concepts, such as joining and chaining, and has a robust unit test suite.

It's just over 1k when compiled with Google Closure (w/advanced optimizations) and gzipped.

when.js was derived from the async core of wire.js.

• npm install when - Yep, that's a thing.
• Fixed a deviation from the Promises/A spec where returning undefined from a callback or errback would cause the previous value to be forwarded. See #31
  • This could be a breaking change if you depended on this behavior. If you encounter problems, the solution is to ensure that your promise callbacks (registered either with when() or .then()) return what you intend, keeping in mind that not returning something is equivalent to returning undefined.
• This change also restores compatibility with the promises returned by jQuery.get(), which seem to reject with themselves as the rejection value. See issue #41 for more information and discussion. Thanks to @KidkArolis for raising the issue.

• promise.otherwise(errback) as a shortcut for promise.then(null, errback). See discussion here and here. Thanks to @jonnyreeves for suggesting the name "otherwise".
• when/debug now detects exceptions that typically represent coding errors, such as SyntaxError, ReferenceError, etc. and propagates them to the host environment. In other words, you'll get a very loud stack trace.

• Updated wiki map/reduce examples, and added simple promise forwarding example
• Fix for calling when.any() without a callback (#33)
• Fix version number in when.js source (#36)

• when.all/any/some/map/reduce can all now accept a promise for an array in addition to an actual array as input. This allows composing functions to do interesting things like when.reduce(when.map(...))
• when.reject(promiseOrValue) that returns a new, rejected promise.
• promise.always(callback) as a shortcut for promise.then(callback, callback)
• Highly experimental when/debug module: a drop-in replacement for the main when module that enables debug logging for promises created or consumed by when.js

Full Changelog

1. git clone https://github.com/cujojs/when or git submodule add https://github.com/cujojs/when

2. Configure your loader with a package:

   packages: [
   	{ name: 'when', location: 'path/to/when/', main: 'when' },
   	// ... other packages ...
   ]

3. define(['when', ...], function(when, ...) { ... }); or require(['when', ...], function(when, ...) { ... });

1. git clone https://github.com/cujojs/when or git submodule add https://github.com/cujojs/when
2. <script src="path/to/when/when.js"></script>
3. when will be available as window.when

1. npm install when
2. var when = require('when');

1. ringo-admin install cujojs/when
2. var when = require('when');

See the API section below, and the wiki for more detailed docs and examples

Register a handler for a promise or immediate value:

when(promiseOrValue, callback, errback, progressback)

// Always returns a promise, so can be chained:

when(promiseOrValue, callback, errback, progressback).then(anotherCallback, anotherErrback, anotherProgressback)

Getting an already-resolved Promise

You can also use when() to get an already-resolved promise for a value, similarly to using when.reject() to get a rejected promise (see below):

var resolved = when(anything);

Create a new Deferred containing separate promise and resolver parts:

var deferred = when.defer();

var promise = deferred.promise;
var resolver = deferred.resolver;

Promise API

// var promise = deferred.promise;

// then()
// Main promise API
// Register callback, errback, and/or progressback
promise.then(callback, errback, progressback);

Extended Promise API

Convenience methods that are not part of the Promises/A proposal.

// always()
// Register an alwaysback that will be called when the promise resolves or rejects
promise.always(alwaysback [, progressback]);

// otherwise()
// Convenience method to register only an errback
promise.otherwise(errback);

Resolver API

// var resolver = deferred.resolver;
resolver.resolve(value);
resolver.reject(err);
resolver.progress(update);

The deferred has the full promise + resolver API:

deferred.then(callback, errback, progressback);
deferred.resolve(value);
deferred.reject(reason);
deferred.progress(update);

var rejected = when.reject(anything);

Return a rejected promise for the supplied promiseOrValue. If promiseOrValue is a value, it will be the rejection value of the returned promise. If promiseOrValue is a promise, its completion value will be the rejected value of the returned promise.

This can be useful in situations where you need to reject a promise without throwing an exception. For example, it allows you to propagate a rejection with the value of another promise.

when(doSomething(),
	handleSuccess,
	function(error) {
		// doSomething failed, but we want to do some processing on the error
		// to return something more useful to the caller.
		// This allows processError to return either a value or a promise.
		return when.reject(processError(e));
	}
);

var is = when.isPromise(anything);

Return true if anything is truthy and implements the then() promise API. Note that this will return true for both a deferred (i.e. when.defer()), and a deferred.promise since both implement the promise API.

when.some(promisesOrValues, howMany, callback, errback, progressback)

Return a promise that will resolve when howMany of the supplied promisesOrValues have resolved. The resolution value of the returned promise will be an array of length howMany containing the resolutions values of the triggering promisesOrValues.

when.all(promisesOrValues, callback, errback, progressback)

Return a promise that will resolve only once all the supplied promisesOrValues have resolved. The resolution value of the returned promise will be an array containing the resolution values of each of the promisesOrValues.

when.any(promisesOrValues, callback, errback, progressback)

Return a promise that will resolve when any one of the supplied promisesOrValues has resolved. The resolution value of the returned promise will be the resolution value of the triggering promiseOrValue.

when.chain(promiseOrValue, resolver, optionalValue)

Ensure that resolution of promiseOrValue will complete resolver with the completion value of promiseOrValue, or instead with optionalValue if it is provided.

Returns a new promise that will complete when promiseOrValue is completed, with the completion value of promiseOrValue, or instead with optionalValue if it is provided.

Note: If promiseOrValue is not an immediate value, it can be anything that supports the promise API (i.e. then()), so you can pass a deferred as well. Similarly, resolver can be anything that supports the resolver API (i.e. resolve(), reject()), so a deferred will work there, too.

when.map(promisesOrValues, mapFunc)

Traditional map function, similar to Array.prototype.map(), but allows input to contain promises and/or values, and mapFunc may return either a value or a promise.

The map function should have the signature:

mapFunc(item)

Where:

• item is a fully resolved value of a promise or value in promisesOrValues

when.reduce(promisesOrValues, reduceFunc, initialValue)

Traditional reduce function, similar to Array.prototype.reduce(), but input may contain promises and/or values, and reduceFunc may return either a value or a promise, and initialValue may be a promise for the starting value.

The reduce function should have the signature:

reduceFunc(currentValue, nextItem, index, total)

Where:

• currentValue is the current accumulated reduce value
• nextItem is the fully resolved value of the promise or value at index in promisesOrValues
• index the basis of nextItem ... practically speaking, this is the array index of the promiseOrValue corresponding to nextItem
• total is the total number of items in promisesOrValues

function functionThatAcceptsMultipleArgs(array) {
    // ...
}

var functionThatAcceptsAnArray = apply(functionThatAcceptsMultipleArgs);

Helper that allows using callbacks that take multiple args, instead of an array, with when.all/some/map:

when.all(arrayOfPromisesOrValues, apply(functionThatAcceptsMultipleArgs));

See the wiki for more info and examples.

Install buster.js

npm install -g buster

Run unit tests in Node:

1. buster test -e node

Run unit tests in Browsers (and Node):

1. buster server - this will print a url
2. Point browsers at /capture, e.g. localhost:1111/capture
3. buster test or buster test -e browser

Much of this code was inspired by @unscriptable's tiny promises, the async innards of wire.js, and some gists here, here, here, and here

Some of the code has been influenced by the great work in Q, Dojo's Deferred, and uber.js.