• Explore passing by value and passing by reference

We have identified 3 different scenarios for how Java passes parameters:

1. As a general rules, parameters references are passed by value
2. This is not the case for primitive types (int, boolean, short, ...) as they are strictly passed by value
3. It is also not the case for variables of immutable types, such as String, Integer, Short, Boolean ...

Try to come up with specific examples to demonstrate each one of these rules in action

1. Write a method that multiplies two numbers and stores the result in a variable that was passed in as a parameter. Make the calling method display the result of the multiplication.
2. Modify the method above so that the calling method cannot see the result of the multiplication
3. Write a method that can modify a String that is passed in, in such a way that the calling method can see the modified new value for the String parameter
4. Write a method that takes a String parameter, modifies it and shows that the calling method cannot see the modified value

This requires two classes - one class that can be used as the container for the primitive type, so that its reference can be passed by value, and one class that will hold our main() method that we can run

First class

public class NumberContainer {
    public int number;
}

Second class

public class SampleClass {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NumberContainer myNumber = new NumberContainer();
        multiplyNumbers(myNumber, 12, 3);
        System.out.println("Result = " + myNumber.number);
    }

    public static void multiplyNumbers(NumberContainer result, int firstNumber, int secondNumber) {
        result.number = firstNumber * secondNumber;
    }
}

This is the same as Solution 1, except that the multiplyNumbers() method creates a new instance of the result variable, therefore making it local to the method and making the result not visible to the calling method (main() in our case)

First class

public class NumberContainer {
    public int number;
}

Second class

public class SampleClass {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NumberContainer myNumber = new NumberContainer();
        multiplyNumbers(myNumber, 12, 3);
        System.out.println("Result = " + myNumber.number);
    }

    public static void multiplyNumbers(NumberContainer result, int firstNumber, int secondNumber) {
        result = new NumberContainer();
        result.number = firstNumber * secondNumber;
    }
}

We take advantage of the same "Container Class" principle in this example, except that we're using it to contain a String object instead of an int primitive

First class:

class StringContainer {
    public String text;
}

Second class:

public class SampleClass {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        StringContainer myString = new StringContainer();
        myString.text = "initial value";
        addText(myString, " - adding new text");
        System.out.println("modified text: " + myString.text);
    }

    public static void addText(StringContainer result, String newText) {
        result.text = result.text + newText;
    }
}

We can demonstrate that references of immutable objects can be modified inside a method without the calling method seeing the changes by using a String object directly, instead of wrapped in a container class

public class SampleClass {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String myString = "initial value";
        addText(myString, " - adding new text");
        System.out.println("modified text: " + myString);
    }

    public static void addText(String result, String newText) {
        result = result + newText;
    }
}

You will see that this code does not output the updated value