Assignment: Introduction to Python Instructions: Answer the following questions based on your understanding of Python programming. Provide detailed explanations and examples where appropriate.

Questions:

1. Python Basics:

   • What is Python, and what are some of its key features that make it popular among developers? Provide examples of use cases where Python is particularly effective.
   • Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and readability.
   • Web Development: Frameworks like Django and Flask are popular for building web applications. Data Science: Python is widely used for data manipulation, analysis, and visualization with libraries such as Pandas, NumPy, and Matplotlib. Machine Learning and AI: Libraries like TensorFlow, PyTorch, and scikit-learn make Python a preferred language for machine learning and artificial intelligence.

2. Installing Python:

   • Describe the steps to install Python on your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux). Include how to verify the installation and set up a virtual environment.
   • Download Python:

   Go to the official Python website: python.org. Navigate to the Downloads section and download the installer appropriate for your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux). for my case its windows Run the Installer:

   Execute the downloaded installer. Check the option "Add Python to PATH" during installation on Windows to easily run Python from the command line. Verify Installation:

   Open a terminal (command prompt on Windows) and type python --version This should display the installed Python version. Set Up a Virtual Environment:

   Virtual environments are recommended to isolate dependencies for different projects. Install virtualenv if it's not already installed: pip install virtualenv. Create a new virtual environment: python -m venv myenv.

3. Python Syntax and Semantics:

   • Write a simple Python program that prints "Hello, World!" to the console. Explain the basic syntax elements used in the program.
   • print("Hello, World!")
   • This is a built-in Python function that outputs the given message to the console.

4. Data Types and Variables:

   • List and describe the basic data types in Python. Write a short script that demonstrates how to create and use variables of different data types.
   • int: Integer numbers. float: Floating-point numbers. str: Strings of characters. bool: Boolean values.

   Creating and using variables of different data types

   my_integer = 42 my_float = 3.14 my_string = "Hello, Python!" my_boolean = True

   Printing variables to console

   print(my_integer) print(my_float) print(my_string) print(my_boolean)

5. Control Structures:

   • Explain the use of conditional statements and loops in Python. Provide examples of an if-else statement and a for loop.

   • Example of if-else statement

   x = 10

   if x > 5: print("x is greater than 5") else: print("x is not greater than 5")

   Example of for loop

   for i in range(5): print(i)

6. Functions in Python:

   • What are functions in Python, and why are they useful? Write a Python function that takes two arguments and returns their sum. Include an example of how to call this function.
   • Functions in Python are blocks of organized, reusable code used to perform a single, related action.

   • Function that takes two arguments and returns their sum

   def add_numbers(a, b): return a + b

   Calling the function

   result = add_numbers(5, 3) print("Sum:", result) # Output: Sum: 8

7. Lists and Dictionaries:

   • Describe the differences between lists and dictionaries in Python. Write a script that creates a list of numbers and a dictionary with some key-value pairs, then demonstrates basic operations on both.

• Lists: Ordered collection of items ([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]). Dictionaries: Key-value pairs ({"name": "Alice", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}).

  Creating a list of numbers

  my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

  Creating a dictionary with key-value pairs

  my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}

  Basic operations on list

  print("Length of list:", len(my_list)) print("First element of list:", my_list[0])

  Basic operations on dictionary

  print("Value for key 'name':", my_dict["name"]) print("Keys in dictionary:", list(my_dict.keys()))

3. Exception Handling:

   • What is exception handling in Python? Provide an example of how to use try, except, and finally blocks to handle errors in a Python script.
   • Allows handling of errors or exceptions that may occur during program execution.

   • Example of try-except-finally blocks

   try: x = 10 / 0 # This will raise a ZeroDivisionError except ZeroDivisionError as e: print("Error:", e) finally: print("Execution completed")

4. Modules and Packages:

   • Explain the concepts of modules and packages in Python. How can you import and use a module in your script? Provide an example using the math module.
   • Modules are Python files containing functions, classes, and variables. Packages are directories of Python modules.

   • Example of importing and using the math module

   import math

   print("Value of pi:", math.pi) print("Square root of 16:", math.sqrt(16))

5. File I/O:

   • How do you read from and write to files in Python? Write a script that reads the content of a file and prints it to the console, and another script that writes a list of strings to a file.

   • Reading content of a file and printing it to console

with open("example.txt", "r") as file: content = file.read() print(content) # Writing a list of strings to a file lines = ["First line\n", "Second line\n", "Third line\n"]

  with open("output.txt", "w") as file:
     file.writelines(lines)

• Your answers should be well-structured, concise, and to the point.
• Provide code snippets or complete scripts where applicable.
• Cite any references or sources you use in your answers.
• Submit your completed assignment by [due date].