Data::Dump::Tree - Renders data structures in a tree fashion with colors
Some blog entries you may want to look at:
http://blogs.perl.org/users/nadim_khemir/2017/08/perl-6-datadumptree-version-15.html
http://blogs.perl.org/users/nadim_khemir/2017/08/take-a-walk-on-the-c-side.html
https://perl6advent.wordpress.com/2016/12/21/show-me-the-data/
Warning: This module is developed and tested with the latest rakudo. It may not work or install properly with your version of rakudo, there is a test suite run to check its fitness.
Data::Dump::Tree - Renders data structures as a tree
use Data::Dump::Tree ;
ddt @your_data ;
my $d = Data::Dump::Tree.new(...) ;
$d.ddt: @your_data ;
$d does role { ... } ;
$d.ddt: @your_data ;
Data::Dump::Tree renders your data structures as a tree for legibility.
It also can:
-
colors the output if you install Term::ANSIColor (highly recommended)
-
filter the data before rendering it
-
display two data structures side by side (DDTR::MultiColumns)
-
display the difference between two data structures (DDTR::Diff)
-
generate DHTML output (DDTR::DHTML)
-
display an interactive folding data structure (DDTR::Folding)
-
display parts of the data structure Horizontally (see :flat)
-
show NativeCall data types and representations (see int32 in examples/)
-
be used to "visit" a data structure and call callbacks you define
Renders $data_to_dump
This interface accepts the following adverbs:
-
:print prints the rendered data, the default befhavior without adverb
-
:note 'note's the rendered data
-
:get returns the rendered data as a single string
-
:get_lines returns the rendering in its native format
-
:get_lines_integrated returns a list of rendered lines
-
:fold opens a Terminal::Print interface, module must be installed
-
:remote sends a rendering the to a listener
See examples/ddt.pl and ddt_receive.pl
- :remote_fold sends a foldable rendering to a listener
See examples/remote/ddt_fold_send.pl and ddt_fold_receive.pl.
Renders $data_to_dump, see above for a list of adverbs.
use Data::Dump::Tree ;
class MyClass { has Int $.size ; has Str $.name }
my $s = [
'text',
Rat.new(31, 10),
{
a => 1,
b => 'string',
},
MyClass.new(:size(6), :name<P6 class>),
'aaa' ~~ m:g/(a)/,
] ;
ddt $s, :title<A complex structure> ;
ddt $s, :!color ;
A complex structure [5] @0
├ 0 = text.Str
├ 1 = 3.1 (31/10).Rat
├ 2 = {2} @1
│ ├ a => 1
│ └ b => string.Str
├ 3 = .MyClass @2
│ ├ $.size = 6
│ └ $.name = P6 class.Str
└ 4 = (3) @3
├ 0 = a[0]
├ 1 = a[1]
└ 2 = a[2]
if :caller is given as an argument, the call site is added to the title
if you call ddt_backtrace, all the calls to method ddt, or sub ddt, will display a call stack.
Each line of output consists 6 elements.
Data::Dump::Tree (DDT) has a default render mode for all data types but you can greatly influence what and how things are rendered.
tree binder type address
| | | |
v v v v
|- key = value .MyClass @2
The tree shows the relationship between the data elements. Data is indented under its container.
DDT default tree rendering makes it easy to see relationship between the elements of your data structure but you can influence its rendering.
The key is the name of the element being displayed; in the examples above the container is an array; Data:Dump::Tree uses the index of the element as the key its key. IE: '0', '1', '2', ...
The string displayed between the key and the value.
The element's value; Data::Dump::Tree renders "terminal" variables, eg: Str, Int, Rat. Container have no value, but a content.
The element's type with a '.' prepended. IE: '.Str', '.MyClass'
Data::Dump::Tree will render some types specifically:
-
Ints, and Bools, the type is not displayes to reduce noise
-
Hashes as {n} where n is the number of element of the hash
-
Arrays as [n]
-
Lists as (n)
-
Sets as .Set(n)
-
Sequences as .Seq(n) or .Seq(*) when lazy.
You control if sequences are rendered vertically or horizontally, how much of the sequence is rendered and if lazy sequences are rendered (and how many elements for lazy sequences).
Check examples/sequences.pl as well as the implementation in lib/Data/Dump/Tree/DescribeBaseObjects.pm.
- Matches as [x..y] where x..y is the match range
See Match objects in the roles section below for configuration of the Match objects rendering.
The Data::Dump::Tree address is added to every container in the form of a '@' and an index that is incremented for each container. If a container is found multiple times in the output, it will be rendered as @address once then as a reference as §address
Containers can be named using set_element_name prior to rendering.
my $d = Data::Dump::Tree.new ;
$d.set_element_name: $s[5], 'some list' ;
$d.set_element_name: @a, 'some array' ;
$d.ddt: $s ;
A container's name will be displayed next to his address.
There are multiple ways to configure the Dumper. You can pass a configuration to the ddt() or create a dumper object with your configuration.
# subroutine interface
ddt $s, :titlei<text>, :width(115), :!color ;
# basic object
my $dumper = Data::Dump::Tree.new ;
# pass you configuration at every call
$dumper.ddt: $s, :width(115), :!color ;
# configure object at creation time
my $dumper = Data::Dump::Tree.new: :width(79) ;
# use as configured
$dumper.ddt: $s ;
# or with a call time configuration override
$dumper.ddt: $s, :width(115), :max_depth(3) ;
# see roles for roles configuration
The example directory contain a lot of examples. Read and run the examples to learn how to use DDT.
Coloring is on if Term::ANSIColor is installed.
Setting this option to False forces the output to be monochrome.
ddt $s, :!color ;
You can pass your own colors. The default are:
%.colors =
<
ddt_address blue perl_address yellow link green
header magenta key cyan binder cyan
value reset
gl_0 yellow gl_1 reset gl_2 green gl_3 red
> ;
Where colors are ANSI colors. reset means the default color.
By default the tree will not be colored and the key and binder use colors 'key' and 'binder'. For renderings with many and very long continuation lines, having colored glyphs and key-binder colored per level helps greatly.
Will set a default glyph color cycle.
# colored glyphs, will cycle
ddt @data, :color_glyphs ; # uses < gl_0 gl_1 gl_2 gl_3 >
You can also define your own color cycle with @glyph_colors:
# colored glyphs
ddt @data, :color_glyphs, glyph_colors => < gl_0 gl_1 > ;
Will set a default key and binding color cycle.
# used color 'kb_0', 'kb_1' ... and cycles
ddt @data, :color_kbs ; #uses < kb_0 kb_1 ... kb_10 >
You can also define your own cycle with @kb_colors:
# colored glyphs, will cycle
ddt @data, :color_kbs, kb_colors => < kb_0 kb_1 > ;
Note that the glyps' width is subtracted from the width you pass,
ddt $s, :width(40) ;
DDT uses the whole terminal width if no width is given.
Reduces the width, you can use it to reduce the computed width.
The string is prepended to each line of the rendering
Add an empty line after the last line of the rendering
Limit the depth of a dump. Default is: no limit.
Display a message telling that you have reached the $max_depth limit, setting this flag to false disable the message.
Limit the number of lines in the rendering, an approximation as ddt does not end rendering in the middle of a multi line. There is no limit by default.
When set to false, neither the type nor the address are displayed.
By default this option is set.
By default this option is set, to change it use:
use Data::Dump::Tree;
use Data::Dump::Tree::Enums;
my $ddt = Data::Dump::Tree.new( :display_address(DDT_DISPLAY_NONE) );
Display the internal address of the objects. Default is False.
By default Str is rendered as the string with '.Str'
You can Control quoting and type display directly in the dumper without having to write a role for it.
- $string_type
The type displayed for a Str.
- $string_quote
The quote surrounding the string, it will be used on both sides of the string unless $string_quote_end is set.
- $string_quote_end
Setting it allows you to have 'asymmetrical quotes' like [ the string ].
The tree is drawn by default with Unicode characters (glyphs) + one space.
You can influence the rendering of the tree in multiple ways:
- using glyphs or simple indenting
See role DDTR::FixedGlyphs.
- rendering caracter set and spacing
See role AsciiGlyphs and CompactUnicodeGlyphs.
You can also create a role that defines the glyphs to use.
- the color of the tree
See $color_glyphs above.
- "color blob mode"
See for a way to gain control over the tree rendering.
You can use :flat( conditions ...) to render parts of your data horizontally. Horizontal layout is documented in the LayoutHorizontal.pm module and you can find examples in examples/flat.pm.
You can chose which elements, which type of element, even dynamically, to flatten, EG: Arrays with more than 15 elements.
dd's example output:
$($[[1, [2, [3, 4]]], ([6, [3]],), [1, [2, [3, 4]]]], [[1, [2, [3, 4]]],
[1, [2, [3, 4]]]], $[[1, 2], ([1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1,
[2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1,
[2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1,
[2, [3, 4]]]).Seq], [[1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, 2], [1, 2,
3], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3,
4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]]], $[[1, 2], ([1, [2, [3, 4]]],
[1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]],
[1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]],
[1, [2, [3, 4]]], [1, [2, [3, 4]]]).Seq], "12345678")
Same data rendered with ddt and I<:flat>:
(6) @0
0 = [3] @1 1 = [2] @9 2 = [2] @12 3 = [10] @25
├ 0 = [2] @2 ├ 0 = [2] §2 ├ 0 = [2] @13 ├ 0 = [2] §2
│ ├ 0 = 1 └ 1 = [2] §2 │ ├ 0 = 1 ├ 1 = [2] §2
│ └ 1 = [2] @3 │ └ 1 = 2 ├ 2 = [2] §13
│ ├ 0 = 2 └ 1 = .Seq(11) @14 ├ 3 = [3] @29
│ └ 1 = [2] @4 ├ 0 = [2] §2 │ ├ 0 = 1
│ ├ 0 = 3 ├ 1 = [2] §2 │ ├ 1 = 2
│ └ 1 = 4 ├ 2 = [2] §2 │ └ 2 = 3
├ 1 = (1) @5 ├ 3 = [2] §2 ├ 4 = [2] §2
│ └ 0 = [2] @6 ├ 4 = [2] §2 ├ 5 = [2] §2
│ ├ 0 = 6 ├ 5 = [2] §2 ├ 6 = [2] §2
│ └ 1 = [1] @7 ├ 6 = [2] §2 ├ 7 = [2] §2
│ └ 0 = 3 ├ 7 = [2] §2 ├ 8 = [2] §2
└ 2 = [2] §2 ├ 8 = [2] §2 └ 9 = [2] §2
├ 9 = [2] §2
└ ...
4 = [2] §12 5 = 12345678.Str
This section explains how to write specific handlers in classes that create a custom rendering
When Data::Dump::Tree renders an object, it first checks if it has an internal handler for that type; if no handler is found, the object is queried and its handler is used if it is found; finally, DDT uses a generic handler.
The module tests, examples directory, and Data::Dump::Tree::DescribeBaseobjects are a good places to look at for more examples of classes defining a custom rendering.
method ddt_get_header
{
# return
# some text # class type
# usually blank for containers |
# the value for terminals |
| |
v v
'', '.' ~ self.^name
}
method ddt_get_elements
{
# return a list of elements data for each element of the container
# key # binder # value
(1, ' = ', 'has no name'),
(3, ' => ', 'abc'),
('attribute', ': ', '' ~ 1),
('sub object', '--> ', [1 .. 3]),
('from sub', '', something()),
}
The content of the original container is ignored, what you return is used. This lets you remove/add/modify elements.
You can not add methods to classes that you do not control. Data::Dump::Tree has type handlers, via roles, that it uses to handle specific types contained the structure you want to render.
You can override the default handlers and add new ones.
Create a role following this template (here a hash example):
role your_hash_handler
{
# Type you want to handle is Hash
# ||||
# vvvv
multi method get_header (Hash $h)
{
# return
# optional description # type (string to display)
'', '{' ~ $h.elems ~ '}' }
multi method get_elements (Hash $h)
{
# return the elements of your object
$h.sort(*.key)>>.kv.map: -> ($k, $v) {$k, ' => ', $v}
}
}
To make that handler active, make your dumper do the role
# using 'does'
my $d = Data::Dump::Tree.new: :width(80) ;
$d does your_hash_handler ;
$d.ddt: @your_data ;
# or by passing roles to the constructor
my $d = Data::Dump::Tree.new: :does(DDTR::MatchDetails, your_hash_handler) ;
# or by passing roles to dump() method
my $d = Data::Dump::Tree.new ;
$d.ddt: $m, :does(DDTR::MatchDetails, your_hash_handler) ;
# or by passing roles to ddt sub
ddt: $m, :does(DDTR::MatchDetails, your_hash_handler) ;
So far we have seen how to render containers but sometimes we want to handle a type as if it was a Str or an Int, EG: not display its elements but instead display it on a single line.
You can, in a handler, specify that a type rendered is not a container, by returning DDT_FINAL in the type's get_header handler.
For example, the Rat class type handler does not show a floating number, it displays the Rat on a single line. Here is the handler:
multi method get_header (Rat $r)
{
# the rendering of the Rat
$r ~ ' (' ~ $r.numerator ~ '/' ~ $r.denominator ~ ')',
# its type
'.' ~ $r.^name,
# hint DDT that this is final
DDT_FINAL,
# hint DDT that this is has an address
DDT_HAS_ADDRESS,
}
Data::Dump::Tree lets you filter the data to dump.
NOTE: filter must be multi subs.
NOTE: $path, a list passed to filters, is set if you use :keep_paths option, otherwise an empty list is passed to the filters.
To pass a filter to the dumper:
ddt(
$s,
# all below are optional
:removal_filter(&removal_filter, ...),
:header_filters(&header_filter, ...),
:elements_filters(&elements_filter,),
:footer_filters(&footer_filters,),
:keep_paths
) ;
Data::Dump::Tree filters are called in this order:
check if the element is to be removed from the rendering
* removal filters are called
let you change the header rendering returned by the type's handler
* header filters are called
let you change the elements of a container returned by the type's handler
* element filters are called
after the element is rendered
* footer filters are called
This is called before the type's handler get_header is called. This allows you to efficiently remove elements from the rendering.
multi sub remove_filter(
$dumper,
$s, # "read only" object
$path # path in the data structure
)
{
True # return True if you want the element removed
}
This is called just after the type's get_header is called, this allows you, EG, to insert something in the tree rendering
multi sub header_filter(
$dumper, # the dumper
$replacement # replacement
$s, # "read only" object
($depth, $path, $glyph, @renderings), # info about tree
($key, $binder, $value, $type, $final, $want_address) # element info
)
{
# Add something to the tree
@renderings.push: (|$glyph , ('', "HEADER", '')) ;
}
or change the default rendering of the object
multi sub header_filter(
$dumper, # the dumper
\replacement # replacement
Int $s, # will only filter Ints
($depth, $path, $glyph, @renderings), # info about the tree
# what the type's handler has returned
(\key, \binder, \value, \type, \final, \want_address) # can be changed
)
{
@renderings.push: (|$glyph, ('', 'Int HEADER ' ~ $depth, '')) ;
# in this example we need to set limit or we would create lists forever
if $depth < 2 { replacement = <1 2> } ;
# key, binder, value, and type are Str
key = key ~ 'Hash replacement' ;
#binder = '' ;
#value = '' ;
#type = '' ;
final = DDT_NOT_FINAL ;
want_address = True ;
}
Note: You can not filter elements of type Mu with header filters but you can in element filters.
Called after the type's get_elements. You can change the elements.
multi sub elements_filter(
$dumper,
Hash $s, # type to filter (ie Hash)
# rendering data you can optionaly use
($depth, $glyph, @renderings, ($key, $binder, $value, $path)),
# elements you can modify
@sub_elements
)
{
# optionaly add something in the rendering
@renderings.push: (|$glyph, ('', 'SUB ELEMENTS', '')) ;
# set/filter the elements
@sub_elements = (('key', ' => ', 'value'), ('other_key', ': ', 1)) ;
}
Called after the element is rendered.
multi sub footer_filter($dumper, $s, ($depth, $filter_glyph, @renderings))
{
# add message to the rendering after the element is rendered
@renderings.push: (|$filter_glyph, ('', "done with {$s.^name}", '')) ;
}
See removal filters above.
- remove the element
If you return a Data::Dump::Tree::Type::Nothing replacement in your filter, the element will not be displayed at all.
multi sub header_filter($dumper, \replacement, Tomatoe $s, $, $)
{
replacement = Data::Dump::Tree::Type::Nothing ;
}
As DDT streams the rendering, it can not go back to fix the glyphs of the previous element, this will probably show as slightly wrong tree lines.
- or reduce the type's rendering in a type handler
This does not remove the element but can be useful, create a type handler which renders the type with minimal text. This is sometime preferable to removing.
- use an elements filter for the container of the type you want to remove
If the element you don't want to see only appears in some containers, you can create a type handler, or filter, for that container type and weed out any reference to the element you don't want to see.
- or reduce the element rendering
Returning a Data::Dump::Tree::Type::Nothing.new as value, that type renders an empty string.
multi sub elements_filter( ... )
{
# other elements data ...
# the element to reduce rendering of
# key # binder #value
('your key', '', Data::Dump::Tree::Type::Nothing.new),
}
When rendering very large data structures the default coloring helps, a better way to render large data set is to turn off coloring for most of the data and highlight only the data that is of greater interest. This makes it easier to visually skip large amount of data quickly. The best way of highlighting is by using background color not text color.
You can define "glyph filter" that controls the shape and color of the glyphs.
An example can be found in examples/background_color.pl6. A few renderings are generated, some look noisy but they are there to show you the different possibilities, the most interesting examples are the ones that highlight as little as possible. Remember to pass :!color to DDT so element coloring is off.
A simpler example is in examples/html.pl6, it uses a role defined in Data::Dump::Tree::ColorBlobLevel to set blob colors and filters to transform DOM::Tiny parsed data into a rendering more "HTML" like.
use Data::Dump::Tree::ColorBlobLevel ;
my $d = Data::Dump::Tree.new:
:string_type(''),
:string_quote('"'),
:does[DDTR::ColorBlobLevel],
:color_kbs,
:header_filters[&header],
:elements_filters[&elements],
:nl ;
# you can also override foreground and background color per level
# after you have used the ColorBlobLevel role
# $d.blob_colors = < on_125 on_61 on_33 on_37 on_64 > ;
# $d.blob_colors_fg = < 0 37 64 61> ;
This mode also work surprisingly well for very short renderings, in that case try to use role DDTR::FixedGlyphs.
Data::Dump::Tree comes with a few extra roles that are not does'ed by the object returned by new()
Please feel free to send me roles you think would be useful to other.
You are welcome to make your own distribution for the roles too, I recommend using namespace DDTR::YourRole.
Uses ASCII codes rather than Unicode to render the tree.
This is the tightest rendering as only one character per level is used to display the tree glyphs.
Renders string containing control codes (eg: \n, ANSI, ...) with backslashed codes and hex values.
Replace all the glyphs by a single glyph; default is a two spaces glyph.
my $d = Data::Dump::Tree.new does DDTR::FixedGlyphs(' . ') ;
Will add the level of the elements to the tree glyphs, useful with huge trees. If a Superscribe role is on, the level umber will also be superscribed
Use this role to display the type in Unicode superscript letters.
Use this role to display the address in Unicode superscript letters.
You can also use the method it provides in your type handlers and filters.
Use this role to display the type and address in Unicode superscript letters.
Colors the rendering per level.
Match objects are displayed as the string that it matched as well as the match start and end position (inclusive, unlike .perl).
# multiline match
aaaaa
aaaaa
aaaaa
aaaaa
[0..23]
# same match with PerlString role
"'aaaaa\naaaaa\naaaaa\naaaaa\n'[0..23]"
Some Roles are provided to allows you to change how Match object are displayed.
Limits the length of the match string.
# default max length of 10 characters
aaaaa\naaaa(+14)[0..23]
You can set the maximum string length either by specifying a length when the role is added to the dumper.
$dumper does DDTR::MatchLimit(15) ;
aaaaa\naaaaa\n(+12)'[0..23]
or by setting the $.match_string_limit member variable
$dumper does DDTR::MatchLimit ;
$dumper.match_string_limit = 15 ;
aaaaa\naaaaa\n(+12)[0..23]
The specified length is displayed, the length of the remaining part is displayed within parenthesis.
Give complete details about a Match. The match string is displayed as well as the match start and end position.
You can set the maximum string length either by specifying a length when the role is added to the dumper or by setting the $.match_string_limit member variable.
# from examples/match.pl
Match [passwords]\n jack=password1\n (+74) ⁰··¹¹³
├ <section> ⁰··⁶⁸
│ ├ <header> [passwords]⁴··¹⁴
│ ├ <kvpair>
│ │ ├ <key> jack ²⁴··²⁷
│ │ └ <value> password1 ²⁹··³⁷
│ └ <kvpair>
│ ├ <key> joy ⁴⁷··⁴⁹
│ └ <value> muchmoresecure123 ⁵¹··⁶⁷
└ <section> ⁶⁹··¹¹³
├ <header> [quotas]⁷³··⁸⁰
├ <kvpair>
│ ├ <key> jack ⁹⁰··⁹³
│ └ <value> 123 ⁹⁵··⁹⁷
└ <kvpair>
├ <key> joy ¹⁰⁷··¹⁰⁹
└ <value> 42 ¹¹¹··¹¹²
If you configure DDT in different ways to render different types, and you should, you will en up writing boilerplate setup code everywhere, you can define functions to return a setup object (or call ddt) or you can use a custom setup role. Custom Setup roles define a custom_setup method which is called by DDT before rendering your data.
A complete example can be found in examples/CustomSetup/CustomSetup.pm and examples/custom_setup.pl.
Submit bugs (preferably as executable tests) and feel free to make suggestions.
As this module uses the MOP interface, it happens that it may use interfaces not implemented by some internal classes.
An example is Grammar that I tried to dump and got an exception about a class that I didn't even know existed.
Those exception are caught and displayed by the dumper as "DDT Exception: the_caught_exception"
Please let me know about them so I can add the necessary handlers to the distribution.
Nadim ibn hamouda el Khemir https://github.com/nkh
Do not hesitate to ask for help.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl6 itself.
README.md in the example directory
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