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This work proposes a bolt on method which uses a k-nearest neighbour algorithm to search a persistent memory while reusing the internal machinery of the Transformers’ attention blocks to determine what to search for and how to rank the search results. It was found that sentiment direction through what might be described as emotional implicit memory and recall (explicit memory) appear to arise from different layers in GPT-2 (layers 7, 8 and 9 vs. layer 10 respectively). For sentiment direction, it was found that with a positive persistent memory it required a fraction of layers (< 3) and a fraction of each layers’ tokens-heads (< 10%) to change the VADER compound score from a median of -0.13 with an IQR of 1.6 in unadulterated GPT-2 to a median of 0.99 with an IQR of 0.01 with the method. For recall, it was found that the method pulls similar tokens out of the persistent memory as GPT-2 appears to “look” at in the context. Further, it was found that only a fraction of the first context tokens’ tokens-heads in a single layer (5 out of 2160 total tokens-heads) was sufficient to produce similar or better recall results in most cases than when the Wikipedia text was placed in the context. This suggests that the computational cost of recall using this method may be context length independent.

See the write-up for more details.

pip install torch numpy transformers datasets tiktoken wandb tqdm faiss shutil

Dependencies:

• pytorch
• numpy
• transformers for huggingface transformers (to load GPT-2 checkpoints)
• datasets for huggingface datasets (if you want to download + preprocess OpenWebText)
• tiktoken for OpenAI's fast BPE code
• wandb for optional logging
• tqdm for progress bars
• faiss (Facebook AI Similarity Search) for k-nearest neighbour search use faiss-gpu if you have a NVidia GPU
• shutil for saving persistent memory

This project was adapted from Andrej Karpathy's nanoGPT and as such works in a similar fashion.

Three templates have been included in this repository. One which demonstrates directing sentiment, one that demonstrates recall and one which produces text from the unadulterated version of GPT-2. To explore changing the various parameters of the methods or change the persistent memory, edit/create new templates from the templates in the config directory.

This work takes a slightly different perspective on sentiment direction. Since it is an attempt to replicate emotional implicit memory, the perspective is more akin to the difference in a persons’ response to a mouse running across the diner table when they have one of the two below memories:

1. “mice are disgusting vectors of disease”
2. “mice are so cute especially when being fed”

To trial a template for sentiment direction which uses the Type 3 method and has the same parameters as Table 1 in the write-up use the below:

$ python sample.py config/sample_gpt2_type_3_method.py 

The above template loads its "memory" from a previously stored file. As would be expected using a "memory" created for the original GPT-2 it does not work well with GPT-2 model weights that have been finetuned and are different from the original version.

GPT-2 is not the ideal model to test recall. To get around this a Wikipedia paragraph and contrived question were chosen such that GPT-2 got the expected answer 50 out of 100 tries/seeds when the Wikipedia paragraph was placed in the context prior the the contrived question.

To trial the template that places the Wikipedia paragraph in the persistent memory and the question in the context and uses the Type 2 method with the same parameters as Table 4 in the write-up use the below.

$ python sample.py config/sample_gpt2_type_2_method.py 

The template to generate text through unadulterated GPT-2 is below:

$ python sample.py config/sample_gpt2.py 

It is difficult to determine from GPT-2 if this will be an effective method. If someone is curious enough to try this out on a more capable model I would be incredibly interested to learn how it worked out. Perhaps leave a note in issues.

Andrej Karpathy for generously releasing the nanoGPT repository under the MIT license.