• Iterate over a nested hash

In Ruby, it's possible to use enumerable methods to iterate over key-value pairs in hashes. For example:

jon_snow = {
  name: "Jon",
  email: "[email protected]"
}

jon_snow.each do |key, value|
  puts "Key: #{key}"
  puts "Value: #{value}"
end

# Key: name
# Value: Jon
# Key: email
# Value: [email protected]

What happens when we want to iterate over a nested hash like the one below? Let's iterate over our nested hash one level at a time; iterating over the first level of our hash would look like this:

contacts = {
  "Jon Snow" => {
    name: "Jon",
    email: "[email protected]",
    favorite_ice_cream_flavors: ["chocolate", "vanilla", "mint chip"],
    knows: nil
  },
  "Freddy Mercury" => {
    name: "Freddy",
    email: "[email protected]",
    favorite_ice_cream_flavors: ["strawberry", "cookie dough", "mint chip"]
  }
}

contacts.each do |person, data|
  puts "#{person}: #{data}"
end

This should return:

Jon Snow: {
  :name=>"Jon",
  :email=>"[email protected]",
  :favorite_ice_cream_flavors=>["chocolate", "vanilla", "mint chip"],
  :knows=>nil
}
Freddy Mercury: {
  :name=>"Freddy",
  :email=>"[email protected]",
  :favorite_ice_cream_flavors=>["strawberry", "cookie dough", "mint chip"]
}

On the first level, the keys are our contacts' names, "Jon Snow" and "Freddy Mercury", and our values are the hashes that contain a series of key/value pairs describing them.

Let's iterate over the second level of our contacts hash. In order to access the key/value pairs of the second tier (i.e. the name, email, and other data about each contact), we need to iterate down into that level. So, we pick up where we left off with the previous iteration and we keep going:

contacts.each do |person, data|
  #at this level, "person" is Jon Snow or Freddy Mercury and "data" is a hash of
  #key/value pairs to iterate over the "data" hash, we can use the following line:

  data.each do |attribute, value|
    puts "#{attribute}: #{value}"
  end
end

That should output the following:

name: Jon
email: [email protected]
favorite_ice_cream_flavors: ["chocolate", "vanilla", "mint chip"]
knows:
name: Freddy
email: [email protected]
favorite_ice_cream_flavors: ["strawberry", "cookie dough", "mint chip"]

Let's take it one step further and print out just the favorite ice cream flavors. Once again, we'll need to iterate down into that level of the hash, then we can access the favorite ice cream array and print out the flavors:

contacts.each do |person, data|
  #at this level, "person" is Jon Snow or Freddy and "data" is a hash of
  #key/value pairs to iterate over the "data" hash, we can use the following
  #line:

  data.each do |attribute, value|
    #at this level, "attribute" describes the key of :name, :email,
    #:favorite_ice_cream_flavors, or :knows we need to first check and see if
    #the key is :favorite_ice_cream_flavors, if it is, that means the VALUE is
    #an array that we can iterate over to print out each element

    if attribute == :favorite_ice_cream_flavors
      value.each do |flavor|
        # here, each index element in an ice cream flavor string
        puts "#{flavor}"
      end
    end
  end
end

This should output:

chocolate
vanilla
mint chip
strawberry
cookie dough
mint chip

Being able to access data from a nested hash like this gives us a lot of ways to work with this complex data structure and derive insights. What if instead of printing out the favorite ice creams of our contacts, we wanted to collect their email addresses in an array? Well, we could do something like this:

emails = []

contacts.each do |person, data|
  data.each do |attribute, value|
    if attribute == :email
      emails << value
    end
  end
end

emails

Fork and clone this exercise to code along!

Let's do an exercise to get some practice iterating through nested arrays. You'll be coding your solution in contacts.rb. You'll be manipulating the hash that is returned by the #contacts method:

def contacts
  {
    "Jon Snow" => {
      name: "Jon",
      email: "[email protected]",
      favorite_ice_cream_flavors: ["chocolate", "vanilla"]
    },
    "Freddy Mercury" => {
      name: "Freddy",
      email: "[email protected]",
      favorite_ice_cream_flavors: ["strawberry", "cookie dough", "mint chip"]
    }
  }
end

Your good buddy Freddy Mercury has recently developed a strawberry allergy! You need to delete "strawberry" from his list of favorite ice cream flavors in the remove_strawberry method.

Iterate over the contacts hash and when you reach the key :favorite_ice_cream_flavors, remove "strawberry" from the Array of Freddy's favorite ice cream flavors.

There are at least two ways you can accomplish this, and for this code along, we'll work with the second way.

1. You can directly iterate over the hash that is the value of the "Freddy Mercury" key by calling an enumerator method in contacts["Freddy Mercury"].

2. You can set a iterate through the hash and check for Freddy Mercury only; when you reach the appropriate level, check to see if the key == ("is equal to") :favorite_ice_cream_flavors. If it is, check to see if the array of flavors contains "strawberry". If it does, then delete it from the array.

Inside the #remove_strawberry method, let's take our first dive into the contacts hash. Then we'll use binding.pry to see where we are.

We are going to first iterate over the top level of the hash where the keys should be the person and the values should be a hash of details about the person.

Note on variable naming: This process will be remarkably easier if you name your variables to accurately reflect the data they represent. For now, when the value we're iterating over is another hash, we will explicitly add a _hash to the end of the variable name (like contact_details_hash below).

Add this code inside the #remove_strawberry method:

contacts.each do |person, contact_details_hash|
  binding.pry
end

We can enter the Pry session in one of two ways: by running learn test or by running ruby contacts.rb. We'll use learn test.

Run learn test in the terminal and, at the Pry prompt, check that our defined variables (person and contact_details_hash) match our expectations.

person
# => "Jon Snow"

contact_details_hash
# => {:name=>"Jon", :email=>"[email protected]", :favorite_ice_cream_flavors=>["chocolate", "vanilla"]}

Excellent! They do!

Type exit while in Pry to continue. The binding.pry breakpoint should trigger a second time because we have two contacts. You can verify that we're in the second loop through our hash by checking the values of person and contact_details_hash at the Pry prompt.

Typing exit now will end the loop and exit Pry since we've finished iterating through our contacts. It will also display the results of the test, which we haven't passed just yet.

Update your code to match the following:

def remove_strawberry(contacts)
  contacts.each do |person, contact_details_hash|
    if person == "Freddy Mercury"
      contact_details_hash.each do |attribute, data|
        binding.pry
      end
    end
  end
end

Again, let's jump into our binding.pry using learn test. We can verify that we've found the record for Freddy Mercury by checking the values of our variables:

attribute
# => :name

data
# => "Freddy"

Remember, if you get stuck and can't enter text in Pry, hit q to continue!

Before we move on, you will need to exit pry again so you can see the results of the new code we'll be writing in Step 3. We are now inside the loop through the attributes. Because there are three of them, we will need to run exit three times to finish the loop and exit pry. Alternatively, you can run exit-program or !!! at any time to exit out of pry entirely.

Update your code to match the following:

def remove_strawberry(contacts)
  contacts.each do |person, contact_details_hash|
    if person == "Freddy Mercury"
      contact_details_hash.each do |attribute, data|
        if attribute == :favorite_ice_cream_flavors
          binding.pry
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

This time we are still iterating through the attributes but we've added a conditional so the pry will only hit when the attribute is equal to :favorite_ice_cream_flavors. If we check the value of data in our binding, we should see the array containing Freddy's favorite flavors.

Lastly, we will use the #delete_if array method to iterate through the ice cream array and remove any element that matches "strawberry". Recall that data is the array containing Freddy's favorite ice cream flavors. #delete_if will iterate through the array, check each element to see if it is equal to "strawberry", and delete the element if the block returns true. Learn more about #delete_if in the ruby docs..

The full method should now be:

def remove_strawberry(contacts)
  contacts.each do |person, contact_details_hash|
    if person == "Freddy Mercury"
      contact_details_hash.each do |attribute, data|
        if attribute == :favorite_ice_cream_flavors
          data.delete_if {|ice_cream| ice_cream == "strawberry"}
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

Congrats! You made it. Test that your method works by running ruby contacts.rb in the terminal. It should output the hash without strawberry ice cream. Also, be sure to run the specs to make sure they pass.