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compiler directives are discussed in clause 19 in standard 2001. For example, the timescale compiler directive can be written as below.

`timescale 1ns / 1ps

All the compiler directives are not listed in the formal syntax of verilog in standard 2001, however the the compiler directive itself is described in BNF format. (Still using timesacle as an example)

timescale_compiler_directive ::= `timesacle time_unit / time_precision

As metioned in some paragraphs of subsections of cluase 19, these compiler directive can be placed in a module defintion or not. which depends on what compiler directive is used. So the formal syntax needs to be revised by us informally to put compiler directive into it.