Puppeteer
API | FAQ | Contributing | Troubleshooting
Puppeteer is a Node library which provides a high-level API to control Chrome or Chromium over the DevTools Protocol. Puppeteer runs headless by default, but can be configured to run full (non-headless) Chrome or Chromium.
What can I do?
Most things that you can do manually in the browser can be done using Puppeteer! Here are a few examples to get you started:
- Generate screenshots and PDFs of pages.
- Crawl a SPA and generate pre-rendered content (i.e. "SSR").
- Automate form submission, UI testing, keyboard input, etc.
- Create an up-to-date, automated testing environment. Run your tests directly in the latest version of Chrome using the latest JavaScript and browser features.
- Capture a timeline trace of your site to help diagnose performance issues.
- Test Chrome Extensions.
Give it a spin: https://try-puppeteer.appspot.com/
Getting Started
Installation
To use Puppeteer in your project, run:
npm i puppeteer
# or "yarn add puppeteer"
Note: When you install Puppeteer, it downloads a recent version of Chromium (~170MB Mac, ~282MB Linux, ~280MB Win) that is guaranteed to work with the API. To skip the download, see Environment variables.
puppeteer-core
Since version 1.7.0 we publish the puppeteer-core
package,
a version of Puppeteer that doesn't download Chromium by default.
npm i puppeteer-core
# or "yarn add puppeteer-core"
puppeteer-core
is intended to be a lightweight version of puppeteer for launching an existing browser installation or for connecting to a remote one.
See puppeteer vs puppeteer-core.
Usage
Note: Puppeteer requires at least Node v6.4.0, but the examples below use async/await which is only supported in Node v7.6.0 or greater.
Puppeteer will be familiar to people using other browser testing frameworks. You create an instance
of Browser
, open pages, and then manipulate them with Puppeteer's API.
Example - navigating to https://example.com and saving a screenshot as example.png:
Save file as example.js
const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');
(async () => {
const browser = await puppeteer.launch();
const page = await browser.newPage();
await page.goto('https://example.com');
await page.screenshot({path: 'example.png'});
await browser.close();
})();
Execute script on the command line
node example.js
Puppeteer sets an initial page size to 800px x 600px, which defines the screenshot size. The page size can be customized with Page.setViewport()
.
Example - create a PDF.
Save file as hn.js
const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');
(async () => {
const browser = await puppeteer.launch();
const page = await browser.newPage();
await page.goto('https://news.ycombinator.com', {waitUntil: 'networkidle2'});
await page.pdf({path: 'hn.pdf', format: 'A4'});
await browser.close();
})();
Execute script on the command line
node hn.js
See Page.pdf()
for more information about creating pdfs.
Example - evaluate script in the context of the page
Save file as get-dimensions.js
const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');
(async () => {
const browser = await puppeteer.launch();
const page = await browser.newPage();
await page.goto('https://example.com');
// Get the "viewport" of the page, as reported by the page.
const dimensions = await page.evaluate(() => {
return {
width: document.documentElement.clientWidth,
height: document.documentElement.clientHeight,
deviceScaleFactor: window.devicePixelRatio
};
});
console.log('Dimensions:', dimensions);
await browser.close();
})();
Execute script on the command line
node get-dimensions.js
See Page.evaluate()
for more information on evaluate
and related methods like evaluateOnNewDocument
and exposeFunction
.
Default runtime settings
1. Uses Headless mode
Puppeteer launches Chromium in headless mode. To launch a full version of Chromium, set the 'headless' option when launching a browser:
const browser = await puppeteer.launch({headless: false}); // default is true
2. Runs a bundled version of Chromium
By default, Puppeteer downloads and uses a specific version of Chromium so its API
is guaranteed to work out of the box. To use Puppeteer with a different version of Chrome or Chromium,
pass in the executable's path when creating a Browser
instance:
const browser = await puppeteer.launch({executablePath: '/path/to/Chrome'});
See Puppeteer.launch()
for more information.
See this article
for a description of the differences between Chromium and Chrome. This article
describes some differences for Linux users.
3. Creates a fresh user profile
Puppeteer creates its own Chromium user profile which it cleans up on every run.
Resources
Debugging tips
-
Turn off headless mode - sometimes it's useful to see what the browser is displaying. Instead of launching in headless mode, launch a full version of the browser using
headless: false
:const browser = await puppeteer.launch({headless: false});
-
Slow it down - the
slowMo
option slows down Puppeteer operations by the specified amount of milliseconds. It's another way to help see what's going on.const browser = await puppeteer.launch({ headless: false, slowMo: 250 // slow down by 250ms });
-
Capture console output - You can listen for the
console
event. This is also handy when debugging code inpage.evaluate()
:page.on('console', msg => console.log('PAGE LOG:', msg.text())); await page.evaluate(() => console.log(`url is ${location.href}`));
-
Stop test execution and use a debugger in browser
-
Use
{devtools: true}
when launching Puppeteer:const browser = await puppeteer.launch({devtools: true});
-
Change default test timeout:
jest:
jest.setTimeout(100000);
jasmine:
jasmine.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_INTERVAL = 100000;
mocha:
this.timeout(100000);
(don't forget to change test to use function and not '=>') -
Add an evaluate statement with
debugger
inside / adddebugger
to an existing evaluate statement:await page.evaluate(() => {debugger;});
The test will now stop executing in the above evaluate statement, and chromium will stop in debug mode.
-
Enable verbose logging - internal DevTools protocol traffic will be logged via the
debug
module under thepuppeteer
namespace.# Basic verbose logging env DEBUG="puppeteer:*" node script.js # Debug output can be enabled/disabled by namespace env DEBUG="puppeteer:protocol" node script.js # protocol connection messages env DEBUG="puppeteer:session" node script.js # protocol session messages (protocol messages to targets) # Protocol traffic can be rather noisy. This example filters out all Network domain messages env DEBUG="puppeteer:session" env DEBUG_COLORS=true node script.js 2>&1 | grep -v '"Network'
-
Debug your Puppeteer (node) code easily, using ndb
-
npm install -g ndb
(or even better, use npx!) -
add a
debugger
to your Puppeteer (node) code -
add
ndb
(ornpx ndb
) before your test command. For example:ndb jest
orndb mocha
(ornpx ndb jest
/npx ndb mocha
) -
debug your test inside chromium like a boss!
Contributing to Puppeteer
Check out contributing guide to get an overview of Puppeteer development.
FAQ
Q: Who maintains Puppeteer?
The Chrome DevTools team maintains the library, but we'd love your help and expertise on the project! See Contributing.
Q: What are Puppeteer’s goals and principles?
The goals of the project are:
- Provide a slim, canonical library that highlights the capabilities of the DevTools Protocol.
- Provide a reference implementation for similar testing libraries. Eventually, these other frameworks could adopt Puppeteer as their foundational layer.
- Grow the adoption of headless/automated browser testing.
- Help dogfood new DevTools Protocol features...and catch bugs!
- Learn more about the pain points of automated browser testing and help fill those gaps.
We adapt Chromium principles to help us drive product decisions:
- Speed: Puppeteer has almost zero performance overhead over an automated page.
- Security: Puppeteer operates off-process with respect to Chromium, making it safe to automate potentially malicious pages.
- Stability: Puppeteer should not be flaky and should not leak memory.
- Simplicity: Puppeteer provides a high-level API that’s easy to use, understand, and debug.
Q: Is Puppeteer replacing Selenium/WebDriver?
No. Both projects are valuable for very different reasons:
- Selenium/WebDriver focuses on cross-browser automation; its value proposition is a single standard API that works across all major browsers.
- Puppeteer focuses on Chromium; its value proposition is richer functionality and higher reliability.
That said, you can use Puppeteer to run tests against Chromium, e.g. using the community-driven jest-puppeteer. While this probably shouldn’t be your only testing solution, it does have a few good points compared to WebDriver:
- Puppeteer requires zero setup and comes bundled with the Chromium version it works best with, making it very easy to start with. At the end of the day, it’s better to have a few tests running chromium-only, than no tests at all.
- Puppeteer has event-driven architecture, which removes a lot of potential flakiness. There’s no need for evil “sleep(1000)” calls in puppeteer scripts.
- Puppeteer runs headless by default, which makes it fast to run. Puppeteer v1.5.0 also exposes browser contexts, making it possible to efficiently parallelize test execution.
- Puppeteer shines when it comes to debugging: flip the “headless” bit to false, add “slowMo”, and you’ll see what the browser is doing. You can even open Chrome DevTools to inspect the test environment.
Q: Why doesn’t Puppeteer v.XXX work with Chromium v.YYY?
We see Puppeteer as an indivisible entity with Chromium. Each version of Puppeteer bundles a specific version of Chromium – the only version it is guaranteed to work with.
This is not an artificial constraint: A lot of work on Puppeteer is actually taking place in the Chromium repository. Here’s a typical story:
- A Puppeteer bug is reported: puppeteer#2709
- It turned out this is an issue with the DevTools protocol, so we’re fixing it in Chromium: https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/1102154
- Once the upstream fix is landed, we roll updated Chromium into Puppeteer: puppeteer#2769
However, oftentimes it is desirable to use Puppeteer with the official Google Chrome rather than Chromium. For this to work, you should pick the version of Puppeteer that uses the Chromium version close enough to Chrome.
Q: Which Chromium version does Puppeteer use?
Look for chromium_revision
in package.json.
Q: What’s considered a “Navigation”?
From Puppeteer’s standpoint, “navigation” is anything that changes a page’s URL. Aside from regular navigation where the browser hits the network to fetch a new document from the web server, this includes anchor navigations and History API usage.
With this definition of “navigation,” Puppeteer works seamlessly with single-page applications.
Q: What’s the difference between a “trusted" and "untrusted" input event?
In browsers, input events could be divided into two big groups: trusted vs. untrusted.
- Trusted events: events generated by users interacting with the page, e.g. using a mouse or keyboard.
- Untrusted event: events generated by Web APIs, e.g.
document.createEvent
orelement.click()
methods.
Websites can distinguish between these two groups:
- using an
Event.isTrusted
event flag - sniffing for accompanying events. For example, every trusted
'click'
event is preceded by'mousedown'
and'mouseup'
events.
For automation purposes it’s important to generate trusted events. All input events generated with Puppeteer are trusted and fire proper accompanying events. If, for some reason, one needs an untrusted event, it’s always possible to hop into a page context with page.evaluate
and generate a fake event:
await page.evaluate(() => {
document.querySelector('button[type=submit]').click();
});
Q: What features does Puppeteer not support?
You may find that Puppeteer does not behave as expected when controlling pages that incorporate audio and video. (For example, video playback/screenshots is likely to fail.) There are two reasons for this:
- Puppeteer is bundled with Chromium--not Chrome--and so by default, it inherits all of Chromium's media-related limitations. This means that Puppeteer does not support licensed formats such as AAC or H.264. (However, it is possible to force Puppeteer to use a separately-installed version Chrome instead of Chromium via the
executablePath
option topuppeteer.launch
. You should only use this configuration if you need an official release of Chrome that supports these media formats.) - Since Puppeteer (in all configurations) controls a desktop version of Chromium/Chrome, features that are only supported by the mobile version of Chrome are not supported. This means that Puppeteer does not support HTTP Live Streaming (HLS).
Q: I am having trouble installing / running Puppeteer in my test environment?
We have a troubleshooting guide for various operating systems that lists the required dependencies.
Q: How do I try/test a prerelease version of Puppeteer?
You can check out this repo or install the latest prerelease from npm:
npm i --save puppeteer@next
Please note that prerelease may be unstable and contain bugs.
Q: I have more questions! Where do I ask?
There are many ways to get help on Puppeteer:
Make sure to search these channels before posting your question.