Experiments on C Exploits

• 64 bit Linux Systems

• Loads string compare function on runtime
• Self modifies strlen comparison value
• Hides string using bit addition

• Loads compiled library file on runtime
• Loads string compare function from loaded library
• Hides string using XOR from templates

• Spawns/Clones secondary process for self modification
• Secondary process modifies the heap from /proc/{pid}/mem of primary process
• Hides string using bit addition

• Collapsed ELF header with precompiled statically linked _start function
• Uses truncated input as key, for decoding of flag
• Anti-debugging from corrupted header and invalid executable entry point e_entry

• Logistic differential equation to "predict" randomized canary values
• 34 byte overflow vulnerable shellcode array stored as reboot shellcode
• Buffer overflow for canary, egghunter shellcode and XOR exploit decoding

• Corrupts ELF 64-bit or 32-bit headers with 0xffff values for e_shoff, e_shnum and e_shstrndx
• Binary is still able to be run normally, but crashes when debugged

• Proof of work for Linux process hollowing
• Spawns/Clones secondary process for self modification
• Secondary process modifies the main function from /proc/{pid}/mem of primary process

• Searches process name using directory and pid
• Forces ps aux to skip process by process name, thus hiding from process list

1. MPROTECT and editing of value using C address pointer

   > objdump -d dynamic

   

   Calculate address of value to overwrite, eg.

   void *add = (void*)ch;
   unsigned char *ins = (unsigned char*)add + 84;
   *ins = 0x24;

   0x14 is overwritten as 0x24

   if (strlen(sr)==20) => if (strlen(sr)==36)

2. Fork processes and editing of value within /proc/{pid}/mem

   Primary process pipes its information (pid, address and length of string to overwrite) to secondary process

   int pipe1[2];
   int pipe2[2];
   int pipe3[2];
   pid_t f = fork();
   if (f == 0) {
       close(pipe1[1]);
       close(pipe2[1]);
       close(pipe3[1]);
   
       read(pipe1[0], addr_buf, 100);
       read(pipe2[0], length_buf, 100);
       read(pipe3[0], pid_buf, 100);
       // ...
   } else {
       close(pipe1[0]);
       close(pipe2[0]);
       close(pipe3[0]);
   
       // Calculate address, length of string and pid of process
   
       sprintf(addr_buf, "%lx", addr);
       sprintf(length_buf, "%lu", length);
       sprintf(pid_buf, "%d", pid);
   
       write(pipe1[1], addr_buf, strlen(addr_buf)+1);
       close(pipe1[1]);
       write(pipe2[1], length_buf, strlen(length_buf)+1);
       close(pipe2[1]);
       write(pipe3[1], pid_buf, strlen(pid_buf)+1);
       close(pipe3[1]);
       //...
   }

   Secondary process to use pid to read /proc/{pid}/mem and overwrite string at given address and length

   strncpy(buf, new_string, *length_given);
   lseek(mem_file, *address, SEEK_SET);
   if (write(mem_file, buf, *length_given) == -1) {
       puts("Incorrect");
       return 1;
   }

   Temporary string s is overwritten with flag (First string s != Second string s)

   printf("\nThe flag is \"%s\"!\n", s);
   puts("\nValidating......");
   sleep(1);
   if (!strcmp(s, inp)) {
       puts("Correct");
   } else {
       puts("Incorrect");
   }

1. Load function from struct function list

   // Struct to load function
   typedef struct functions{
       const char *function_name;
       TW address;
   } functions;
   
   // List of dynamic functions
   functions function_struct[] = {
       {"string_compare", &sc},
       {NULL, NULL}
   };
   
   // Compare called_function with function list, then load and run matched function
   int call_func(const char *called_function, const char* key, long* flag, long* buffer, char* input)
   {
       int k;
       for(k=0; function_struct[k].function_name != NULL; ++k){
           if(strcmp(called_function, function_struct[k].function_name) == 0){
               return function_struct[k].address(key, flag, buffer, input);
           }
       }
       return -1;
   }

   Calling "string_compare" on call_func() will compare with function list in function_struct, then is loaded and run when matched

   (One function is stored within the struct for simplicity)

2. Load function from self-created library

   // Pipe for loaded function
   struct S {
       string input, flag;
       int output;
   };
   
   static const auto library = "\
       #include<stdlib.h>\n\
       #include<string>\n\
       struct S {std::string a,b;int i;};\n\
       extern \"C\" void F(S &s) {\n\
           if ((s.input.length()==0||\
           s.flag.length()==0)||\
           s.input.compare(s.flag)!=0||\
           s.input.length()!=s.flag.length())\
           {\n\
               s.output=1;\n\
               return;\n\
           }\n\
           s.output=0;}\n\
       ";
   create(library) // Create library using gcc
   
   void * function_library = load() // Load library
   if ( function_library ) {
       // Load function F from created library
       int ( *func ) ( S & ) = (int (*)( S & )) dlsym ( function_library, "F" );
   }

   Create its own library with hidden function on runtime, such that loaded function will not be shown during decompilation

1. Collapse header via assembly

   

   Entrypoint of executable is fit into the Magic bytes in the ELF header, on top of the collapsed headers

   Entrypoint gives problems to static debuggers and disassemblers from disassembling the full binary

   Radare2 and other dynamic disassemblers are able to ignore the ELF header and follow the jump instruction after the entrypoint, thus able to disassemble much more of the executable

2. Corrupt ELF headers, i.e. e_shoff, e_shnum and e_shstrndx

   static Elf64_Ehdr* header;
   
   header->e_shoff = 0xffff;
   header->e_shnum = 0xffff;
   header->e_shstrndx = 0xffff;

   Disassembler reads ELF binary with overflow, preventing static debuggers and disassemblers from working

   Values can be also be changed to 0x0 for the opposite effect, where the disassembler is unable to read the full binary