This challenge allows you to practice the concepts and techniques learned over the past week and apply them in a survey of problems. This Sprint explored JavaScript Fundamentals. During this Sprint, you studied variables, functions, object literals, arrays, this keyword, prototypes, and class syntax. In your challenge this week, you will demonstrate proficiency by completing a survey of JavaScript problems.

Read these instructions carefully. Understand exactly what is expected before starting this Sprint Challenge.

This is an individual assessment. All work must be your own. Your challenge score is a measure of your ability to work independently using the material covered through this sprint. You need to demonstrate proficiency in the concepts and objectives introduced and practiced in preceding days.

You are not allowed to collaborate during the Sprint Challenge. However, you are encouraged to follow the twenty-minute rule and seek support from your PM and Instructor in your cohort help channel on Slack. Your work reflects your proficiency in JavaScript fundamentals.

You have three hours to complete this challenge. Plan your time accordingly.

Commit your code regularly and meaningfully. This helps both you (in case you ever need to return to old code for any number of reasons) and your project manager.

You will notice there are several JavaScript files being brought into the index.html file. Each of those files contain JavaScript problems you need to solve. If you get stuck on something, skip over it and come back to it later.

In meeting the minimum viable product (MVP) specifications listed below, you should have a console full of correct responses to the problems given.

Demonstrate your understanding of this week's concepts by answering the following free-form questions.

Edit this document to include your answers after each question. Make sure to leave a blank line above and below your answer so it is clear and easy to read by your project manager

1. Describe the biggest difference between .forEach & .map.

forEach - executes a provided function once for each array element. It doesn’t actually return anything (undefined). It simply calls a provided function on each element in your array. This callback is allowed to mutate the calling array.

map -  creates a new array with the results of calling a provided function on every element in the calling array. It will call a provided function on every element in the array. The difference is that map() utilizes return values and actually returns a new Array of the same size.

2. What is the difference between a function and a method? A function is a set of code to do some task. It can be passed data to operate on (i.e. the parameters) and can optionally return data (the return value).

A method is a piece of code that is called by a name that is associated with an object.Method is also a function which is used as a property in Object. So using a function as property inside an object is a method.

3. What is closure?

A closure is a behavior(feature) in JavaScript where an inner function has access to the outer (enclosing) function’s variables — a scope chain. The closure has three scope chains:

1. it has access to its own scope — variables defined between its curly brackets

2. it has access to the outer function’s variables

3. it has access to the global variables

4. Describe the four rules of the 'this' keyword.

The keyword "this" is a reserved keyword in JS and its value is determined at execution. It is either set using:

1. Global context - when set in the global context in a function, it is either the global object (window if in the browser) or undefined (if we are using strict mode)

2. Implicit (automatic) binding (Object binding) - when the keyword 'this is inside of a declared object the value of the keyword 'this' will always be the closest parent object.

3. Explicit (we control this) binding (Function binding) - to explicitly set the value of the keyword 'this, we use call, apply, or bind, which are build in methods on a function for changing pointer of the 'this' keyword.

4. The New keyword binding - we use the 'new' keyword to set the context of 'this' to the newly created object

5. Why do we need super() in an extended class?

The super keyword is used as a “function” which calls the parent class with the parameters passed to child(subclass). This is a key step to be carried out in order to make sure that child is an instance of parent. So in order to child gain access and can call functions on an object's parent, it should be called inside the constructor.

Follow these steps to set up and work on your project:

• Create a forked copy of this project.
• Add PM as collaborator on Github.
• Clone your OWN version of Repo (Not Lambda's by mistake!).
• Create a new Branch on the clone: git checkout -b <firstName-lastName>.
• Create a pull request before you start working on the project requirements. You will continuously push your updates throughout the project.
• You are now ready to build this project with your preferred IDE
• Implement the project on your Branch, committing changes regularly.
• Push commits: git push origin <firstName-lastName>.

Follow these steps for completing your project:

• Submit a Pull-Request to merge Branch into master (student's Repo).
• Add your Project Manager as a Reviewer on the Pull-request
• PM then will count the HW as done by merging the branch back into master.

Your finished project must include all of the following requirements:

Pro tip for this challenge: If something seems like it isn't working locally, copy and paste your code up to codepen and take another look at the console.

Test your knowledge of objects and arrays.

• Use the objects-arrays.js link to get started. Read the instructions carefully!

This challenge takes a look at callbacks and closures as well as scope.

• Use the functions.js link to get started. Read the instructions carefully!

Create constructors, bind methods, and create cuboids in this prototypes challenge.

• Use the prototypes.js link to get started. Read the instructions carefully!

Once you have completed the prototypes challenge, it's time to convert all your hard work into classes.

• Use the classes.js link to get started. Read the instructions carefully!

In your solutions, it is essential that you follow best practices and produce clean and professional results. Schedule time to review, refine, and assess your work and perform basic professional polishing including spell-checking and grammar-checking on your work. It is better to submit a challenge that meets MVP than one that attempts too much and does not.

There are a few stretch problems found throughout the files, don't work on them until you are finished with MVP requirements!