unpa

sona pu

VERB to have sexual or marital relations with

sona Linku pi toki Inli

have sexual relations with

sona Linku pi toki pona

unpa la ijo li pana e pilin sijelo pona tawa ijo ante. tenpo la ijo sin li ken tan unpa pi ijo ante

sona ku

sex⁵, sexual⁵, sexually⁵, fucking³, fuck²

sona sin

[TW: this thread obviously will include discussions about and related to sex, such as rape]

I created this thread to gather some thoughts from the discussion on the server
below are some things that may be considered unpa, from what I think is most accepted to least

relationships involving humans:

1. penetrative sex as a means for sexual reproduction
2. sex as an act (including non-penetrative sex)
   • some exemples according to Wikipedia^[1][2]: masturbation, foreplay; (penetrative) vaginal, anal and oral sex; (non-penetrative) frottage, manual sex, mutual masturbation, fingering, kissing, cuddling
3. BDSM
4. taboo acts (such as premarital or extramarital sex), as well as illegal acts (such as non-consent)?
   • to waso Keli, rape may be instead classfied as 'utala unpa' or 'pakala unpa'. 'unpa pakala' could maybe be translated as such but without context it's more likely to be interpreted as a violence kink. this raises an important detail, that unpa is considered consensual by default
5. paraphilia?
   • wile unpa nasa

relationships not involving humans:
this is where it gets more complicated

1. creation of a new organism, via pollination or mitosis
2. exchange of genetic traits, via meiosis

(screenshot taken at around 2023-09-29 21:00 UTC)

in my opinion, all the examples above count as unpa

in relation to commentary, it would be useful to expand on the current commentary, explaining the meaning of the euphemism 'to have marital relantionships', such as the usage notes on sona pona:

The dictionary in pu defines unpa as "to have sexual or marital relations with". The phrasing of this definition has led some people to believe that unpa has to do with marriage. However, this is not the case. To "have marital relations" is a euphemism for having sex (usually specifically with a marital partner). The word unpa generally has to do with sexual intercourse only.

as well as adding that unpa does not include sex or gender

esun

sona pu

NOUN market, shop, fair, bazaar, business transaction

sona Linku pi toki Inli

market, shop, fair, bazaar, business transaction

sona Linku pi toki pona

esun la jan tu li pana e ijo li kama jo e ijo ante; esun li ken ma li ken tomo. ma anu tomo la jan li ken pana e mani li ken kama jo e ijo.

sona ku

trading⁵, trade⁵, shopping⁵, deal⁴, commerce⁴, purchase⁴, sales⁴, buy⁴, transaction⁴, market⁴, sale³, exchange³, sell³, retail³, business³, shop³, store², commercial², financial², enterprise², economy², franchise²

sona sin

olin

sona pu

VERB to love, have compassion for, respect, show affection to

sona Linku pi toki Inli

love, have compassion for, respect, show affection to

sona Linku pi toki pona

olin li pilin ni: ijo li suli a tawa ijo ante li pana e pilin pona wawa

sona ku

loving⁵, love⁵, romance⁴, romantic³, compassion³, attraction², intimate², passion², beloved², loyalty², loyal¹, faithful¹, dear¹, mercy¹, darling¹, passionate¹, care¹, appreciation¹, crush¹, respect¹

sona sin

ike

sona pu

ADJECTIVE bad, negative; non-essential, irrelevant

sona Linku pi toki Inli

bad, negative; non-essential, irrelevant | ALT complicated, complex

sona Linku pi toki pona

pona ala; pakala; jaki

sona ku

bad⁵, harsh⁵, badly⁵, mean (adj)⁴, evil⁴, negative⁴, problem⁴, horrible⁴, terrible⁴, unfortunate³, poorly³, offensive³, awful³, trouble³, tragic³, cruel³, wrong³, inappropriate³, issue³, complexity³, unfair², awkward², complicated², vice², hostile², difficulty², nasty², corruption², corrupt², hard (difficult)², harm², complex², danger², cursed², challenging², toxic², chaos², difficult², disorder²

sona sin

a

sona pu

PARTICLE (emphasis, emotion or confirmation)

sona Linku pi toki Inli

(emphasis, emotion or confirmation)

sona Linku pi toki pona

nimi a li suli e toki e nimi lon poka

sona ku

ah⁵, oh⁵, ha⁵, ooh⁴, uh⁴, gosh⁴, whoa⁴, wow⁴, um³, huh³, uh-huh², quite², gasp², really², mm-hmm², hmm², sigh²

sona sin

goals for color words:

1. list a bunch of english equivalents that fit the space (no semicolons)
2. have the most "central" colors be first
3. emphasize that walo and pimeja aren't just pure white and black
4. explain the colors in a way that it's clear that laso isn't "two colors" while all the others are just one
5. have overlap in the definitions where applicable

loje, jelo, laso, walo, and pimeja are the main words this issue is for. we will also discuss the "bright" aspect of suno's meaning

ko

sona pu

NOUN clay, clinging form, dough, semi-solid, paste, powder

sona Linku pi toki Inli

clay, clinging form, dough, semi-solid, paste, powder

sona Linku pi toki pona

ko li kiwen ale ala li telo ale ala; sijelo ko li kama ante tan pana wawa

sona ku

goo⁵, semisolid⁵, paste⁴, powder⁴, clay³, sand², dust², substance², cream², dough², mud²

sona sin

pan

sona pu

NOUN cereal, grain; barley, corn, oat, rice, wheat; bread, pasta

sona Linku pi toki Inli

cereal, grain; barley, corn, oat, rice, wheat; bread, pasta

sona Linku pi toki pona

moku tan kasi.

sona ku

bread⁵, grain⁵, wheat⁴, rice³, corn², carbohydrate²

sona sin

ante

sona pu

ADJECTIVE different, altered, changed, other

sona Linku pi toki Inli

different, altered, changed, other

sona Linku pi toki pona

sama ala

sona ku

other⁵, changing⁵, different⁵, alter⁵, modify⁵, alternative⁴, change⁴, convert⁴, edit⁴, difference⁴, transformation⁴, distinct⁴, differently⁴, vary⁴, transform³, variation³, contrast³, distinction³, replace³, switch³, else³, another³, conversion³, adjustment³, adapt², affect², distinguish², adjust², amendment², transition², opposed², unlike², separate², counterpart², diversity², shift², adaptation²

sona sin

nena

sona pu

NOUN bump, button, hill, mountain, nose, protuberance

sona Linku pi toki Inli

bump, button, hill, mountain, nose, protuberance

sona Linku pi toki pona

ma mute li lon poka la ona li nena; nena li lon sinpin jan li ken e pilin kon

sona ku

hill⁴, nose³, ridge², button², peak², mountain², pile², breast¹, mount¹, fold¹

sona sin

soweli

sona pu

NOUN animal, beast, land mammal

sona Linku pi toki Inli

animal, beast, land mammal

sona Linku pi toki pona

jan en akesi en waso en kala en pipi li sama soweli li ken soweli; soweli mute li ken tawa li ken moku li ken unpa li ken pilin li ken moli

sona ku

animal⁵, deer⁵, creature⁴, dog⁴, cat⁴, llama³, goat³, Musteloidea³, beast³, lion³, pig², capybara², wolf², horse², mouse (2020)², tiger², large domesticated animal², Hominidae², procyonid², monkey², rabbit²

sona sin

noka

sona pu

NOUN foot, leg, organ of locomotion; bottom, lower part

sona Linku pi toki Inli

foot, leg, organ of locomotion; bottom, lower part

sona Linku pi toki pona

ijo li tawa kepeken noka; ijo mute la noka li sama luka

sona ku

leg⁵, foot⁴, lap³, ankle³, kick³, heel², knee², base²

sona sin

so I think that we need to illustrate a few things with the toki definition:

1. toki is a form of communication
2. toki doesn't imply or require an external recipient of the communication

so whatever examples we give need to be

1. examples of forms of communication, in all parts of speech
2. must include examples that imply a recipient, and examples that do not imply a recipient

noun examples: language, announcement,
verb examples: discuss, proselytize, say, talk
adjective examples: we might not need these because most of the ones I can think of in english are adjectivized nouns or verbs, like "talking" or "announcing" so it would end up being redundant
examples that imply an external recipient: tell, vent, reprimand
examples that imply no external recipient: think, ponder

Let me know if you have problems with this as a definition. I'm not incredibly happy with it but I think it's a good starting place to make a new definition.
communicate, speak, discuss, tell, inform, think; language, announcement

nasa

sona pu

ADJECTIVE unusual, strange; foolish, crazy; drunk, intoxicated

sona Linku pi toki Inli

unusual, strange; silly; drunk, intoxicated

sona Linku pi toki pona

nasin pi tenpo mute ala; ijo pi sona ala

sona ku

weird⁵, unusual⁵, strange⁵, odd⁵, drunk⁴, silly³, wild³, ridiculous², psychoactive², nonsense², confuse², suspicious²

sona sin

my goal for nasa is to deemphasise the connotation of 'weird' for speakers
to start, I like @lipamanka's essay on their dictionary

The semantic space of nasa contains deviations from what's considered normal. If most people have blue hair and one person has green hair, that one person is nasa. If someone grows ten types of herbs and a single carnivorous plant, then that carnivorous plant is nasa. If most people don't grow herbs, someone who does grow herbs is nasa. What's considered "normal" here is completely reliant on context. A clown isn't "nasa" if everyone around them is also a clown. Nothing is inherently nasa. The nasa-ness of all objects will change along with context.
source: toki pona dictionary

along with the meaning of 'outside the norm', nasa also has the meaning of drunk, or in some way on drugs (ku data: psychoactive²)

(screenshot taken at around 2023-09-23 21:30 UTC)

question, does nasa pass the monsutatesu? according to the ku data, it means confuse²
'mi nasa e sina' can mean 'I confuse you' and 'I make you weird'

mute

sona pu

ADJECTIVE many, a lot, more, much, several, very
NOUN quantity

sona Linku pi toki Inli

many, a lot, more, much, several, very; quantity | ALT three (or more), 20

sona Linku pi toki pona

lili ala; kulupu ijo pi nanpa suli

sona ku

plenty⁵, multiple⁵, many⁵, much⁵, very⁵, lots⁵, several⁵, numerous⁴, various⁴, most⁴, quantity⁴, twenty³, fifty³, thousand³, nine³, majority³, incredibly³, million³, fifteen², dozen², amount², twelve², eight², countless², hundred², billion², greatly², frequent², mostly², highly², excessive², exceed², six², trillion², quite², deeply², thirty², dose², particularly², increasingly², ten², extremely²

sona sin

lupa

sona pu

NOUN door, hole, orifice, window

sona Linku pi toki Inli

door, hole, orifice, window

sona Linku pi toki pona

lupa la ijo li ken tan ma tawa insa ijo; lupa mute li sama sike; soweli mute li awen lon lupa

sona ku

hole⁵, door⁵, orifice⁴, pit⁴, window³, gate³, entrance², opening², gap², dig²

sona sin

tonsi

sona pu

sona Linku pi toki Inli

non-binary, gender-non-conforming | ALT trans, non-cisgender

sona Linku pi toki pona

jan li mije ala li meli ala la, ona li tonsi. jan li mije tawa meli anu meli tawa mije la, ona li tonsi.

sona ku

non-binary person³, transgender person³, gender non-conforming person³, intersex person²

sona sin

in describing particles, there are a few things we should standardize:

1. how detailed we are with the exact usage, meaning, and edge cases (do we mention the mi/sina li exception in li's definition?)
2. whether we use linguistic terminology like "optative" or common language like "wish" (or maybe both)
3. the phrasing used to explain its function ("marks the ..." "goes before the ..." "... particle" etc)
4. whether translations are provided where clear english equivalents exist or only descriptions are provided (like "[goes before ordinal number], ~th, number ~"
5. what we use to represent the other stuff it connects to (like the "X" in "X ala X" or "Xth")

(also we should standardize punctuation and formatting but that's a dictionary-wide thing, not just a particles thing)
overall the definitions for particles should be as similar as possible and only replace the relevant parts

proposed defs:

la: (particle) [marks the end of a context phrase/clause], ~ la = as for ~, if ~, when ~, because ~
en: (particle) [separates multiple subjects]
li: (particle) [marks the start of an indicative (statement) verb]
o: (particle) [marks the start of an optative (wish) verb], should; [marks the end of a vocative phrase (who is being spoken to)], hey
e: (particle) [marks the start of a direct object (thing affected by the subject)]
pi: (particle) [marks the beginning of a phrase, which modifies the previous phrase]
anu: (particle) [separates multiple possibilities, replacing another particle], or, and/or
nanpa: (particle) [marks the start of an ordinal number], ~th, number ~
// skipping the modifier usages of kin, taso, and ala because while they aren't normal content words they aren't like other particles either
ala: (particle) ~ ala ~ = [marks a polar (yes-or-no) question]
a: (particle) [puts emphasis or emotion on the phrase/sentence it follow

wile

sona pu

PRE-VERB must, need, require, should, want, wish

sona Linku pi toki Inli

must, need, require, should, want, wish

sona Linku pi toki pona

ijo li wile e ijo ante la ijo ante li ken e pona pi ijo ni; ijo li wile ijo ante la ona li ijo ante ni la ona li pilin pona

sona ku

want⁵, wish⁵, intend⁵, require⁵, need⁵, desire⁵, intention⁵, willing⁵, will⁵, intent⁴, preference⁴, motivation⁴, necessity⁴, ought⁴, yearn⁴, necessary⁴, willingness⁴, ambition⁴, hope⁴, prefer⁴, requirement⁴, required⁴, must³, obligation³, decision³, should³, demand³, eager³, request³, agenda³, goal², would², select², motive², interested², criteria², dare², opt², choose², consent², expectation², shall², urge², determination², pick², objective², depend², elect², dependent², deserve², selection², incentive², strive², choice², supposed², interest², enthusiasm²

sona sin

the current definition includes "to use", which teaches beginners to say "kepeken e". i'd like to avoid creating beginner mistakes by revising that to "using"

sona Linku:

to use, with, by means of

proposed replacement:

(preposition) using, with, by means of

we eyeball them for now
we plan on surveying the usage with data

we add a disclaimer saying that there's no data for them yet

We've seen a lot of discussion in #14 and #13 about what words should be included in a definition based on usage, with some of us siding with "broader" definitions and some siding with "narrower" definitions.

Summary

We should have usage categories in the definitions; for now, a "major" and "minor" group, which lets us divide more common/central meanings from less common/more distant meanings.

Proposal

We apply usage categories to definitions.
Right now this would be done informally, and we could survey later on to get more precise data in a way comparable to the ku surveys, but
If a word proposed for the definition suits the use of a majority of people, it goes to "core" or maybe a combined core+common (depends on what we groups we decide on); if a proposed word suits the use of a minority of people, but still a significant minority (we have to decide on a cutoff), it goes to "uncommon" or whatever the secondary category is. More divisions could be decided on later if it were necessary, since we would just have raw data.

Upsides

• More broad capture of usage without exclusions of potentially important or growing uses
• Less need to argue about a given usage, only where to put it; if it exists, we can determine its level of usage (see downsides) and categorize it based on that, allowing for a more complete record of usage without introducing less common meanings to the "core" definitions
• Dictionary becomes more useful to a wider range of people, since it can provide definitions reflective of marginal uses

Downsides

• We don't have data right now. We'll have to eyeball it.
• More work for us to fill out now (although honestly not that much more).
• UI/selectable option changes needed for ilo and lipu
• Increases translator work (potentially across more than one field)
• Not all of us will be familiar with a given marginal use of a word, leading to it being unrepresented (especially true if we change our work process)
• Tracking these marginal uses could manipulate the usage of words (this is more of a fact than a downside)

Considerations

• We have to decide if we're going full usage categories, or a smaller version of the usage categories that is more tenable (this was suggested in the Discord by kala Asi). I would say two categories, maybe "major" and "minor" or "common" and "marginal" or something to that effect, to distinguish the two.
• We have to decide how this looks in nimi, ilo, and lipu
• Even this extra work is far more doable if we change our workflow to divide words among smaller groups like we've started on with pan and esun

(copying from the original toki post)

main ideas:

• toki is communication
• toki doesn't require an external recipient, so there should be examples that imply one and examples that don't

proposed definition:

communicate, speak, tell, ponder, discuss; language

the semicolon is to show that while all the definitions before it are forms of "communicate", "language" is an extension of that to "form of communication"
i didn't include any noun examples but i'm not sure what the best translation for that is, since i don't really have a word for that in english. where i would say "toki sina li pona" i would say "what you said is good", not something like "your speech is good". would "what is said" or "what one says" be a good inclusion?

toki

sona pu

VERB to communicate, say, speak, say, talk, use language, think

sona Linku pi toki Inli

communicate, say, speak, talk, use language, think; hello

sona Linku pi toki pona

toki la, jan li ken pana e sona kepeken kalama anu sitelen anu luka.

sona ku

communicate⁵, speak⁵, say⁵, conversation⁵, communication⁵, hello⁵, speech⁵, talk⁵, language⁵, tell⁵, statement⁵, hi⁵, discuss⁵, discussion⁵, discourse⁴, mention⁴, comment⁴, refer⁴, message⁴, express³, remark³, dialogue³, reporting³, call³, narrative³, contact³, respond³, commentary³, disclose³, proposal³, admit³, verbal³, tale³, story³, declare³, interview³, testify³, answer³, report³, expression³, phrase³, excuse², hey², response², reply², greet², confess², declaration², interaction², suggest², quote², state², preach², describe², negotiate², specify², claim², feedback², counsel², coverage², proposition², suggestion², accuse², consult²

sona sin

meli

sona pu

NOUN woman, female, feminine person; wife

sona Linku pi toki Inli

woman, female, feminine person; wife

sona Linku pi toki pona

mije ala; kulupu wan pi kulupu jan

sona ku

female⁵, lady⁴, woman⁴, girl³, wife², cisgender woman², transgender woman², ma’am²

sona sin

mije

sona pu

NOUN man, male, masculine person; husband

sona Linku pi toki Inli

man, male, masculine person; husband

sona Linku pi toki pona

meli ala; kulupu wan pi kulupu jan

sona ku

male⁵, man⁵, husband³, cisgender man³, sir², boyfriend², guy², gentleman², transgender man¹

sona sin

as tonsi already has an reworked definition established, mije and meli should also receive definitions.
here are some thoughs on what the definitions may include:

1. sex vs. gender (man vs. male, woman vs. female)
2. masculinity and femininity (by themselves, instead of 'masculine person' and 'feminine person')
3. gender expression
4. relationships (wife/husband, boyfriend/girlfriend)
5. words for animals*

* this is something that English lacks but many other languages have.
for example, Portuguese macho and fêmea, Chinese 公 and 母, among others.

Hi! I'm looking into whether the webhook is working. Please ignore!

monsuta

sona pu

sona Linku pi toki Inli

fear, dread; monster, predator; threat, danger

sona Linku pi toki pona

pilin ike pi ken moli; pilin ike pi ken pakala; ijo ni: ona li pana e pilin ni

sona ku

scary³, fear³, monster³, horror³, scare², disturbing², terror², beast², afraid², demon²

sona sin

pu

sona pu

ADJECTIVE interacting with the official Toki Pona book

sona Linku pi toki Inli

interacting with the official Toki Pona book

sona Linku pi toki pona

ijo li kepeken lipu nanpa wan pi toki pona la ijo li pu

sona ku

interact with Toki Pona: The Language of Good⁵, officially²

sona sin

ku

sona pu

sona Linku pi toki Inli

interacting with the Toki Pona Dictionary by Sonja Lang

sona Linku pi toki pona

lipu nanpa tu pi jan Sonja la, sina lukin e ona la sina ku. sina kepeken ona la sina ku.

sona ku

sona sin

due to these being very specific words, their definition is a bit simpler and I hope that this discussion is short to just get it out there
either this below or removing 'to', in my opinion the meaning of the book itself (more commonly lipu pu and lipu ku) should be left in the commentary

pu

to interact with the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good by Sonja Lang

ku

to interact with the Toki Pona Dictionary by Sonja Lang

musi

sona pu

ADJECTIVE artistic, entertaining, frivolous, playful, recreational

sona Linku pi toki Inli

artistic, entertaining, frivolous, playful, recreation

sona Linku pi toki pona

ijo musi li pana e pilin pona; musi mute la jan li kalama pi wile ala kepeken uta

sona ku

entertainment⁵, fun⁵, funny⁵, play⁵, game⁵, comedy⁵, art³, artistic³, fascinating², humour², interesting², irony², sport², enjoy², creative², playoffs²

sona sin

anpa

sona pu

ADJECTIVE bowing down, downward, humble, lowly, dependent

sona Linku pi toki Inli

bowing down, downward, humble, lowly, dependent | ALT bottom, lower part, under, below, floor, beneath; low, lower, bottom, down

sona Linku pi toki pona

sewi ala: ijo anpa li lon noka pi ijo ante; ijo tu li utala la ijo anpa li pona sama ala ijo pi anpa ala

sona ku

down⁵, bottom⁴, lower⁴, defeat³, below³, beneath³, under², bow², underlying²

sona sin