C-Mera
C-Mera is a very simple source-to-source compiler that utilizes Lisp's macro system for meta programming of C-like languages. One of its main goals is to be easily extensible to other C-like languages and the different versions based on C-Mera's core illustrate that this is a simple process.
Please note: C-Mera is in a good place and works for the things we use it for. There may be no commits for some stretches and it definitely is not our full-time job, but it is alive and well :) So please consier it slow, not dead. Set up an issue if you have problems, questions or feature-requests :)
Contents
C-Mera
The C-Mera system is a set of very simple compilers that transform a notation based on S-Expressions (sexp) for C-like languages to the native syntax of that language, e.g. from sexp-C to C, and from sexp-CUDA to CUDA. The semantics of the sexp-based notation is identical to that of the native language, i.e. no inherent abstraction or layering is introduced.
There are a number of different code generators available, all based on C-Mera with a few syntactic extensions.
- cm-c is the default C code generator
- cm-cxx is an extension supporting a subset of C++
- cm-cuda is an extension featuring cuda kernel definition and call syntax
- cm-glsl is an extension of cgen that can generate opengl shader code
- cm-ocl (or cm-opencl) is an extension that can generate opencl code (currently not actively maintained and tested, though)
The recommended way to select a generator is by using the front-end program cm:
$ cm c ...
$ cm c++ ...
$ ...
The code for C-Mera and the C-backend is found in src/{c-mera,c,usr} and is rather comprehensive while the other generators (each in their own subdirectory) are quite concise. Browse the files of the derived generators to see how far the respective language support has grown.
License
The C-Mera system (which is the collective term for the code in the repository) is provided under the conditions of the GNU GPL version 3 or later, see the file COPYING.
Usage
To generate a C source file choose the appropriate generator and simply add the input and output file:
$ cm c input.lisp -o test.c
$ cm c++ input.lisp -o test.cpp
For more details see Compilation Process
Please note that, as implied above, the system primarily implements a simple transformation and thus does not rewrite lisp code to, for example, either C or C++, but compiles C code written in Sexps to plain C, and C++ code written in Sexps to plain C++.
However, the system can be leveraged to provide very high level programming paradigms by the use of Common Lisp macros, see our papers.
Build Instructions
We recommend CCL due to long code-transformation times with SBCL.
- Install SBCL or CCL
- Install Clon (See reference there)
- (Alternatively, install Clon with Quicklisp)
- Install Quicklisp (See the example there)
sbcl --eval "(ql:quickload :net.didierverna.clon.core)"orccl --eval "(ql:quickload :net.didierverna.clon.core)"
- Build C-Mera
autoreconf -if(when building from a fresh repo)./configure --with-sbcl(or--with-ccl)makemake install
Emacs Integration
The easiest way to configure your Lisp to load C-Mera is by adding it to quicklisp, as follows
$ ln -s <path-to-cmera> ~/quicklisp/local-projects/c-mera
Slime
With this setup it is possible to use Slime for the development process. The relevant C-Mera modules can be loaded by
(asdf:load-system :c-mera)
(asdf:load-system :cmu-c) ; or :cmu-c++, cmu-cuda, etc.
(in-package :cmu-c) ; cl-user equivalent with c-mera environment for c
(cm-reader) ; switch to c-mera reader; optional for prototyping
; switch back with (cl-reader)
After that you can enter Lisp expressions that print valid C Code to the REPL.
(simple-print
(function main () -> int
(return 0)))
Emacs Minor Mode (cm-mode)
To support proper indentation and highlighting of keywords, especially when your forms are not known to a SLIME session, we provide a simple minor mode for Emacs. You can set it up by
$ cp <path-to-cmera>/util/emacs/cm-mode.el <load-path>/cm-mode.el
$ cp <path-to-cmera>/util/emacs/cm.indent ~/.emacs.d/cm.indent
You can then add (require 'cm-mode) to your .emacs file and load it using M-x cm-mode.
To load it automatically you can add a mode specification to the top of your file:
; -*- mode: Lisp; eval: (cm-mode 1); -*-
You can extend the indentation and keyword information by having an additional file called cm.indent along your source files, see the provided cm.indent for the layout.
Our cm-mode ist still rather basic and we are open for extensions (e.g. better syntax matching).
Vim Integration
With Vim 8 asyc processes spawned Vlime, a project that strives to provide a Slime-like worlflow for Vim. We use is (via a small plugin) to drive indentation of C-Mera code. With Vim set up for Vlime you only have to drop the plugin in the appropriate place:
$ ln -s <path-to-cmera>/util/vim/lisp_cmera.vim ~/.vim/ftplugin/
To get the default behavior (see Emacs integraion) it still has to be told where to look for the cm.indent file. This can be set in your ~/.vimrc
let g:cmera_base_indent_file = '/home/kai/.emacs.d/cm.indent'
Publications
- C-Mera was introduced as "cgen" at ELS'14: Defmacro for C: Lightweight, Ad Hoc Code Generation
- We showed how advanced programming paradigms can be implemented on top of it (in this case, Feature Oriented Programming) at GPCE'15: Lightweight, Generative Variant Exploration for High-Performance Graphics Applications
- At ELS'16 we showcased its proformance for implementing comptetitive DSLs: A High-Performance Image Processing DSL for Heterogeneous Architectures
- as well as for exploring implementation variants: A Case Study in Implementation-Space Exploration
- We describe some of the techniques used in our implementation in our ELS'17 paper: DIY Meta Languages with Common Lisp
Examples
In the following we show a few examples of how to use C-Mera. Note that we give also give it thorough treatment in our first ELS paper.
Implementation of strcmp(3)
This example illustrates the basic function definition syntax. It's a straightforward transcription of the example in the K&R book.
(function strcmp ((char *p) (char *q)) -> int
(decl ((int i = 0))
(for (() (== p[i] q[i]) i++)
(if (== p[i] #\null)
(return 0)))
(return (- p[i] q[i]))))
Implementation of strcat(3)
Here we add arrays to the mix. It, too, is a straightforward transcription of the example in the K&R book.
(function strcat ((char p[]) (char q[])) -> void
(decl ((int i = 0) (int j = 0))
(while (!= p[i] #\null)
i++)
(while (!= (set p[i++] q[j++]) #\null))))
Implementation of wc -l
This example shows a main function
and how to forward-declare externally defined symbols originating from C libraries.
There is also use-functions to explicitly declare externally defined functions.
In most cases, these forms are not required.
C-mera checks if the symbols used are already defined and interprets them as function calls otherwise.
(include <stdio.h>)
(function main () -> int
(decl ((int c)
(int nl = 0))
(while (!= (set c (getchar)) EOF)
(if (== c #\newline)
++nl))
(printf "%d\\n" nl)
(return 0)))
Implementation of Shellsort
Lots of loops:
(function shellsort ((int *v) (int n)) -> void
(decl ((int temp))
(for ((int gap = (/ n 2)) (> gap 0) (/= gap 2))
(for ((int i = gap) (< i n) i++)
(for ((int j = (- i gap)) (&& (>= j 0) (> v[j] (aref v (+ j gap)))) (-= j gap))
(set temp v[j]
v[j] (aref v (+ j gap))
(aref v (+ j gap)) temp))))))
Compilation Process
Suppose the file wc-l.lisp contains the code of the line counting example shown above.
Here is a cmdline session:
$ ls
wc-l.lisp
$ cm c wc-l.lisp
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int c;
int nl = 0;
while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) {
if (c == '\n')
++nl;
}
printf("%d\n", nl);
}
$ cm c wc-l.lisp -o wc-l.c
$ ls
wc-l.c wc-l.lisp
$ gcc -std=c99 wc-l.c -o wc-l
Programming Guide
This section describes how some aspects of the system work. We only describe what we believe may be noteworthy for either the seasoned Lisp or the seasoned C programmer. This part will be in motion as we add information that some of our users would have liked to have :) So please get back to us with your experience what might be helpful to mention.
Changes from c-mera-2015
For the old version see its branch. Here we only shortly list the major differences.
-
declandforforms now require the use of=to distinguish the declarator from the initializer. Earlier we had elaborate guesses in place that worked most of the time, but not every time. -
For C++ you can also use
(decl ((int v[] { 1 2 3 })) ...)instead of(decl ((int v[] = (clist 1 2 3))) ...). This change is required to be able to distinguish between regular initialization and initializer lists. The differences is easily illustrated by printing the values of the follwing vectors:(typedef (instantiate #:std:vector (int)) T) (decl ((T vec1 = (T 10 20)) (T vec2 { 10 20 }))) -
You almost never have to use
use-variablesanduse-functionsanymore.
Simple Syntax
Conditionals
if statements have exactly two or three subforms. The third subform represents the else part and is optional. Thus, the following example is not correct:
(if (!= a 0)
(printf "all is safe")
(return (/ b a)))
You can use progn to group multiple sub-forms
(if (!= a 0)
(progn
(printf "all is safe")
(return (/ b a))))
or, equivalently, when
(when (!= a 0)
(printf "all is safe")
(return (/ b a)))
which expands to the previous form using progn, which, in turn, expands to:
if (a != 0) {
...
}
In contrast, the first example expands to
if (a != 0) {
printf(...);
else
return ...;
We also support cond.
Open Issues
We currently don't have unless.
Loops
A for loop is written with the loop-head grouped:
(for ((int i = 0) (< i n) (+= i 1))
...)
Note that C-Mera supports C-like increments and decrements for simple expressions:
(for ((int i = 0) (< i n) ++i)
...)
while is straighforward
(while (< a b)
...
...)
Open Issues
do-while is not implemented at the moment.
Declarations
A set of declarations is introduced with
(decl ((T name [= init])
...)
...)
or (for C++ based languages)
(decl ((T name [{ init }])
...)
...)
the initializer is optional and C-Mera collects as many symbols to be part of the type as possible, e.g.
(decl ((const unsigned long int x = 0)) ...)
is correctly identified.
As mentioned above, typenames are not checked.
In declarations (such as decl, in function parameters and (sizeof ...)) the type does not have to
be enclosed in parens (and must not be). There are places, however,
where for the sake of simplicity type names must be grouped, as e.g. in function return values:
(function foo ((const int *i) ...) -> (unsigned int)
...)
As shown in this example C-Mera also supports some C-style decorations, i.e.
(decl ((int *i 0)) ...)
(decl ((int* i 0)) ...)
are both recognized.
Namespace (Lisp vs C-Mera)
Some C-Mera symbols are also defined in Common Lisp.
Initially, C-Mera starts out in the cmu-<generator> (user package, depending on the code generator used, e.g. cmu-c) which imports
all cl symbols that do not conflict to provide metaprogramming as seamlessly as possible.
Especially with symbols like if etc care has to be taken to use the right one.
This can be done by explicitly naming the symbol cl:if, but to define lisp functions
or lisp-heavy parts of the meta code it is often more convenient to use the lisp form, such as
in the example from our ELS'14 presentation:
(defmacro match (expression &rest clauses)
`(macrolet
((match-int (expression &rest clauses)
`(progn
(set reg_err
(regcomp ® ,(caar clauses) REG_EXTENDED))
(if (regexec ® ,expression 0 0 0)
(progn ,@(cdar clauses))
,(lisp (if (cdr clauses)
`(match-int
,expression
,@(cdr clauses))))))))
(decl ((regex_t reg)
(int reg_err))
(match-int ,expression ,@clauses))))
Here we define a recursively expanding macrolet, match-int, that inserts conditional clauses (as in (if (regexec ....)) and also checks to terminate the iteration (with ,(lisp (if ...))).
Codestrings
tbd.
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