The Python keyring library provides an easy way to access the system keyring service from python. It can be used in any application that needs safe password storage.
These recommended keyring backends are supported:
- macOS Keychain
- Freedesktop Secret Service supports many DE including GNOME (requires secretstorage)
- KDE4 & KDE5 KWallet (requires dbus)
- Windows Credential Locker
Other keyring implementations are available through Third-Party Backends.
On Linux, the KWallet backend relies on dbus-python, which does not always install correctly when using pip (compilation is needed). For best results, install dbus-python as a system package.
macOS keychain supports macOS 11 (Big Sur) and later requires Python 3.8.7 or later with the "universal2" binary. See #525 for details.
The basic usage of keyring is pretty simple: just call keyring.set_password and keyring.get_password:
>>> import keyring
>>> keyring.set_password("system", "username", "password")
>>> keyring.get_password("system", "username")
'password'Keyring supplies a keyring command which is installed with the package. After installing keyring in most environments, the command should be available for setting, getting, and deleting passwords. For more usage information, invoke with no arguments or with --help as so:
$ keyring --help
$ keyring set system username
Password for 'username' in 'system':
$ keyring get system username
passwordThe command-line functionality is also exposed as an executable package, suitable for invoking from Python like so:
$ python -m keyring --help
$ python -m keyring set system username
Password for 'username' in 'system':
$ python -m keyring get system username
passwordIf installed via a package manager (apt, pacman, nix, homebrew, etc), these shell completions may already have been distributed with the package (no action required).
Keyring provides tab completion if the completion extra is installed:
$ pip install 'keyring[completion]'Then, generate shell completions, something like:
$ keyring --print-completion bash | sudo tee /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/keyring
$ keyring --print-completion zsh | sudo tee /usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_keyring
$ keyring --print-completion tcsh | sudo tee /etc/profile.d/keyring.cshNote: the path of /usr/share is mainly for GNU/Linux. For other OSs, consider:
- macOS (Homebrew x86): /usr/local/share
- macOS (Homebrew ARM): /opt/homebrew/share
- Android (Termux): /data/data/com.termux/files/usr/share
- Windows (mingw64 of msys2): /mingw64/share
- ...
After installing the shell completions, enable them following your shell's recommended instructions. e.g.:
- bash: install bash-completion, and ensure
. /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completionin~/.bashrc. - zsh: ensure
autoload -Uz compinit && compinitappears in~/.zshrc, thengrep -w keyring ~/.zcompdumpto verify keyring appears, indicating it was installed correctly.
The python keyring lib contains implementations for several backends. The library will attempt to automatically choose the most suitable backend for the current environment. Users may also specify the preferred keyring in a config file or by calling the set_keyring() function.
The configuration is stored in a file named "keyringrc.cfg" found in a platform-specific location. To determine where the config file is stored, run keyring diagnose.
To specify a keyring backend, set the default-keyring option to the full path of the class for that backend, such as keyring.backends.macOS.Keyring.
If keyring-path is indicated, keyring will add that path to the Python module search path before loading the backend.
For example, this config might be used to load the SimpleKeyring from the simplekeyring module in the ./demo directory (not implemented):
[backend]
default-keyring=simplekeyring.SimpleKeyring
keyring-path=demoIn addition to the backends provided by the core keyring package for the most common and secure use cases, there are additional keyring backend implementations available for other use cases. Simply install them to make them available:
- keyrings.cryptfile
- Encrypted text file storage.
- keyrings.alt - "alternate", possibly-insecure backends, originally part of the core package, but available for opt-in.
- gsheet-keyring
- a backend that stores secrets in a Google Sheet. For use with ipython-secrets.
- bitwarden-keyring
- a backend that stores secrets in the BitWarden password manager.
- onepassword-keyring
- a backend that stores secrets in the 1Password password manager.
- sagecipher - an encryption backend which uses the ssh agent protocol's signature operation to derive the cipher key.
- keyrings.osx_keychain_keys
- OSX keychain key-management, for private, public, and symmetric keys.
- keyring_pass.PasswordStoreBackend
- Password Store (pass) backend for python's keyring
- keyring_jeepney - a pure Python backend using the secret service DBus API for desktop Linux (requires
keyring<24).
The interface for the backend is defined by keyring.backend.KeyringBackend. Every backend should derive from that base class and define a priority attribute and three functions: get_password(), set_password(), and delete_password(). The get_credential() function may be defined if desired.
See the backend module for more detail on the interface of this class.
Keyring employs entry points to allow any third-party package to implement backends without any modification to the keyring itself. Those interested in creating new backends are encouraged to create new, third-party packages in the keyrings namespace, in a manner modeled by the keyrings.alt package. See the setup.cfg file in that project for hints on how to create the requisite entry points. Backends that prove essential may be considered for inclusion in the core library, although the ease of installing these third-party packages should mean that extensions may be readily available.
To create an extension for Keyring, please submit a pull request to have your extension mentioned as an available extension.
Keyring additionally allows programmatic configuration of the backend calling the api set_keyring(). The indicated backend will subsequently be used to store and retrieve passwords.
To invoke set_keyring:
# define a new keyring class which extends the KeyringBackend
import keyring.backend
class TestKeyring(keyring.backend.KeyringBackend):
"""A test keyring which always outputs the same password
"""
priority = 1
def set_password(self, servicename, username, password):
pass
def get_password(self, servicename, username):
return "password from TestKeyring"
def delete_password(self, servicename, username):
pass
# set the keyring for keyring lib
keyring.set_keyring(TestKeyring())
# invoke the keyring lib
try:
keyring.set_password("demo-service", "tarek", "passexample")
print("password stored successfully")
except keyring.errors.PasswordSetError:
print("failed to store password")
print("password", keyring.get_password("demo-service", "tarek"))In many cases, uninstalling keyring will never be necessary. Especially on Windows and macOS, the behavior of keyring is usually degenerate, meaning it will return empty values to the caller, allowing the caller to fall back to some other behavior.
In some cases, the default behavior of keyring is undesirable and it would be preferable to disable the keyring behavior altogether. There are several mechanisms to disable keyring:
- Uninstall keyring. Most applications are tolerant to keyring not being installed. Uninstalling keyring should cause those applications to fall back to the behavior without keyring. This approach affects the Python environment where keyring would otherwise have been installed.
- Configure the Null keyring in the environment. Set
PYTHON_KEYRING_BACKEND=keyring.backends.null.Keyringin the environment, and theNull(degenerate) backend will be used. This approach affects all uses of Keyring where that variable is set. - Permanently configure the Null keyring for the user by running
keyring --disableorpython -m keyring --disable. This approach affects all uses of keyring for that user.
Keyring provides a mechanism to alter the keyring's behavior through environment variables. Each backend implements a KeyringBackend.set_properties_from_env, which when invoked will find all environment variables beginning with KEYRING_PROPERTY_{NAME} and will set a property for each {NAME.lower()} on the keyring. This method is invoked during initialization for the default/configured keyring.
This mechanism may be used to set some useful values on various keyrings, including:
- keychain; macOS, path to an alternate keychain file
- appid; Linux/SecretService, alternate ID for the application
The following is a complete transcript for installing keyring in a virtual environment on Ubuntu 16.04. No config file was used:
$ sudo apt install python3-venv libdbus-glib-1-dev
$ cd /tmp
$ pyvenv py3
$ source py3/bin/activate
$ pip install -U pip
$ pip install secretstorage dbus-python
$ pip install keyring
$ python
>>> import keyring
>>> keyring.get_keyring()
<keyring.backends.SecretService.Keyring object at 0x7f9b9c971ba8>
>>> keyring.set_password("system", "username", "password")
>>> keyring.get_password("system", "username")
'password'It is possible to use the SecretService backend on Linux systems without X11 server available (only D-Bus is required). In this case:
- Install the GNOME Keyring daemon.
- Start a D-Bus session, e.g. run
dbus-run-session -- shand run the following commands inside that shell. Run
gnome-keyring-daemonwith--unlockoption. The description of that option says:Read a password from stdin, and use it to unlock the login keyring or create it if the login keyring does not exist.
When that command is started, enter a password into stdin and press Ctrl+D (end of data). After that, the daemon will fork into the background (use
--foregroundoption to block).- Now you can use the SecretService backend of Keyring. Remember to run your application in the same D-Bus session as the daemon.
It is possible to use keyring with the SecretService backend in Docker containers as well. All you need to do is install the necessary dependencies and add the --privileged flag to avoid any Operation not permitted errors when attempting to unlock the system's keyring.
The following is a complete transcript for installing keyring on a Ubuntu 18:04 container:
docker run -it -d --privileged ubuntu:18.04
$ apt-get update
$ apt install -y gnome-keyring python3-venv python3-dev
$ python3 -m venv venv
$ source venv/bin/activate # source a virtual environment to avoid polluting your system
$ pip3 install --upgrade pip
$ pip3 install keyring
$ dbus-run-session -- sh # this will drop you into a new D-bus shell
$ echo 'somecredstorepass' | gnome-keyring-daemon --unlock # unlock the system's keyring
$ python
>>> import keyring
>>> keyring.get_keyring()
<keyring.backends.SecretService.Keyring object at 0x7f9b9c971ba8>
>>> keyring.set_password("system", "username", "password")
>>> keyring.get_password("system", "username")
'password'The keyring lib has a few functions:
get_keyring(): Return the currently-loaded keyring implementation.get_password(service, username): Returns the password stored in the active keyring. If the password does not exist, it will return None.get_credential(service, username): Return a credential object stored in the active keyring. This object contains at leastusernameandpasswordattributes for the specified service, where the returnedusernamemay be different from the argument.set_password(service, username, password): Store the password in the keyring.delete_password(service, username): Delete the password stored in keyring. If the password does not exist, it will raise an exception.
In all cases, the parameters (service, username, password) should be Unicode text.
The keyring lib raises the following exceptions:
keyring.errors.KeyringError: Base Error class for all exceptions in keyring lib.keyring.errors.InitError: Raised when the keyring cannot be initialized.keyring.errors.PasswordSetError: Raised when the password cannot be set in the keyring.keyring.errors.PasswordDeleteError: Raised when the password cannot be deleted in the keyring.
Python keyring lib is an open community project and eagerly welcomes contributors.
- Repository: https://github.com/jaraco/keyring/
- Bug Tracker: https://github.com/jaraco/keyring/issues/
- Mailing list: http://groups.google.com/group/python-keyring
Each built-in backend may have security considerations to understand before using this library. Authors of tools or libraries utilizing keyring are encouraged to consider these concerns.
As with any list of known security concerns, this list is not exhaustive. Additional issues can be added as needed.
- macOS Keychain
- Any Python script or application can access secrets created by
keyringfrom that same Python executable without the operating system prompting the user for a password. To cause any specific secret to prompt for a password every time it is accessed, locate the credential using theKeychain Accessapplication, and in theAccess Controlsettings, removePythonfrom the list of allowed applications.
- Any Python script or application can access secrets created by
- Freedesktop Secret Service
- No analysis has been performed
- KDE4 & KDE5 KWallet
- No analysis has been performed
- Windows Credential Locker
- No analysis has been performed
This project makes use of automated releases and continuous integration. The simple workflow is to tag a commit and push it to Github. If it passes tests in CI, it will be automatically deployed to PyPI.
Other things to consider when making a release:
- Check that the changelog is current for the intended release.
Tests are continuously run in Github Actions.
To run the tests locally, install and invoke tox.
The project was based on Tarek Ziade's idea in this post. Kang Zhang initially carried it out as a Google Summer of Code project, and Tarek mentored Kang on this project.
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