promdump

promdump dumps the head and persistent blocks of Prometheus. It supports filtering the persistent blocks by time range.

• Why This Tool
• How It Works
• Getting Started
• FAQ
• Limitations
• Development
• License

Why This Tool

When debugging Kubernetes clusters, I often find it helpful to get access to the in-cluster Prometheus metrics. Since it is unlikely that the users will grant me direct access to their Prometheus instance, I have to ask them to export the data. To reduce the amount of back-and-forth with the users (due to missing metrics, incorrect labels etc.), it makes sense to ask the users to "get me everything around the time of the incident".

The most common way to achieve this is to use commands like kubectl exec and kubectl cp to compress and dump Prometheus' entire data directory. On non-trivial clusters, the resulting compressed file can be very large. To import the data into a local test instance, I will need at least the same amount of disk space.

promdump is a tool that can be used to dump Prometheus data blocks. It is different from the promtool tsdb dump command in such a way that its output can be re-used in another Prometheus instance. See this issue for a discussion on the limitation on the output of promtool tsdb dump. And unlike the Promethues TSDB snapshot API, promdump doesn't require Prometheus to be started with the --web.enable-admin-api option. Instead of dumping the entire TSDB, promdump offers the flexibility to filter persistent blocks by time range.

How It Works

The promdump kubectl plugin uploads the compressed, embeded promdump to the targeted Prometheus container, via the pod's exec subresource.

Within the Prometheus container, promdump queries the Prometheus TSDB using the tsdb package. It reads and streams the WAL files, head block and persistent blocks to stdout, which can be redirected to a file on your local file system. To regulate the size of the dump, persistent blocks can be filtered by time range.

⭐ promdump performs read-only operations on the TSDB.

When the data dump is completed, the promdump binary will be automatically deleted from your Prometheus container.

The restore subcommand can then be used to copy this dump file to another Prometheus container. When this container is restarted, it will reconstruct its in-memory index and chunks using the restored on-disk memory-mapped chunks and WAL.

The --debug option can be used to output more verbose logs for each command.

Getting Started

Install promdump as a kubectl plugin:

kubectl krew update

kubectl krew install promdump

kubectl promdump --version

For demonstration purposes, use kind to create two K8s clusters:

for i in {0..1}; do \
  kind create cluster --name dev-0$i ;\
done

Install Prometheus on both clusters using the community Helm chart:

for i in {0..1}; do \
  helm --kube-context=kind-dev-0$i install prometheus prometheus-community/prometheus ;\
done

Deploy a custom controller to cluster dev-00. This controller is annotated for metrics scraping:

kubectl --context=kind-dev-00 apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ihcsim/controllers/master/podlister/deployment.yaml

Port-forward to the Prometheus pod to find the custom demo_http_requests_total metric.

📝 Later, we will use promdump to copy the samples of this metric over to the dev-01 cluster.

CONTEXT="kind-dev-00"
POD_NAME=$(kubectl --context "${CONTEXT}" get pods --namespace default -l "app=prometheus,component=server" -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")
kubectl --context="${CONTEXT}" port-forward "${POD_NAME}" 9090

📝 In subsequent commands, the -c and -d options can be used to change the container name and data directoy.

Dump the data from the first cluster:

# check the tsdb metadata.
# if it's reported that there are no persistent blocks yet, then no data dump
# will be captured, until Prometheus persists the data.
kubectl promdump meta --context=$CONTEXT -p $POD_NAME
Head Block Metadata
------------------------
Minimum time (UTC): | 2021-04-18 18:00:03
Maximum time (UTC): | 2021-04-18 20:34:48
Number of series    | 18453

Persistent Blocks Metadata
----------------------------
Minimum time (UTC):     | 2021-04-15 03:19:10
Maximum time (UTC):     | 2021-04-18 18:00:00
Total number of blocks  | 9
Total number of samples | 92561234
Total number of series  | 181304
Total size              | 139272005

# capture the data dump
TARFILE="dump-`date +%s`.tar.gz"
kubectl promdump \
  --context "${CONTEXT}" \
  -p "${POD_NAME}" \
  --min-time "2021-04-15 03:19:10" \
  --max-time "2021-04-18 20:34:48"  > "${TARFILE}"

# view the content of the tar file. expect to see the 'chunk_heads', 'wal' and
# persistent blocks directories.
$ tar -tf "${TARFILE}"

Restore the data dump to the Prometheus pod on the dev-01 cluster, where we don't have the custom controller:

CONTEXT="kind-dev-01"
POD_NAME=$(kubectl --context "${CONTEXT}" get pods --namespace default -l "app=prometheus,component=server" -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")

# check the tsdb metadata
kubectl promdump meta --context "${CONTEXT}" -p "${POD_NAME}"
Head Block Metadata
------------------------
Minimum time (UTC): | 2021-04-18 20:39:21
Maximum time (UTC): | 2021-04-18 20:47:30
Number of series    | 20390

No persistent blocks found

# restore the data dump found at ${TARFILE}
kubectl promdump restore \
  --context="${CONTEXT}" \
  -p "${POD_NAME}" \
  -t "${TARFILE}"

# check the metadata again. it should match that of the dev-00 cluster
kubectl promdump meta --context "${CONTEXT}" -p "${POD_NAME}"
Head Block Metadata
------------------------
Minimum time (UTC): | 2021-04-18 18:00:03
Maximum time (UTC): | 2021-04-18 20:35:48
Number of series    | 18453

Persistent Blocks Metadata
----------------------------
Minimum time (UTC):     | 2021-04-15 03:19:10
Maximum time (UTC):     | 2021-04-18 18:00:00
Total number of blocks  | 9
Total number of samples | 92561234
Total number of series  | 181304
Total size              | 139272005

# confirm that the WAL, head and persistent blocks are copied to the targeted
# Prometheus server
kubectl --context="${CONTEXT}" exec "${POD_NAME}" -c prometheus-server -- ls -al /data

Restart the Prometheus pod:

kubectl --context="${CONTEXT}" delete po "${POD_NAME}"

Port-forward to the pod to confirm that the samples of the demo_http_requests_total metric have been copied over:

kubectl --context="${CONTEXT}" port-forward "${POD_NAME}" 9091:9090

Make sure that time frame of your query matches that of the restored data.

FAQ

Q: The promdump meta subcommand shows that the time range of the restored persistent data blocks is different from the ones I specified.

A: There isn't a way to fetch partial data blocks from the TSDB. If the time range you specified spans across multiple data blocks, then all of them need to be retrieved. The amount of excessive data retrieved is dependent on the span of the data blocks.

The time range reported by the promdump meta subcommand should cover the one you specified.

Q: I am not seeing the restored data

A: There are a few things you can check:

• When generating the dump, make sure the start and end date times are specified in the UTC time zone.
• If using the Prometheus console, make sure the time filter falls within the time range of your data dump. You can confirm your restored data time range using the promdump meta subcommand.
• Compare the TSDB metadata of the target Prometheus with the source Prometheus to see if their time range match, using the promdump meta subcommand. The head block metadata may deviate slightly depending on how old your data dump is.
• Use the kubectl exec command to run commands likes ls -al <data_dir> and cat <data_dir>/<data_block>/meta.json to confirm the data range of a particular data block.
• Try restarting the target Prometheus pod after the restoration to let Prometheus replay the restored WALs. The restored data must be persisted to survive a restart.
• Check Prometheus logs to see if there are any errors due to corrupted data blocks, and report any issues.
• Run the promdump restore subcommand with the --debug flag to see if it provides more hints.

Q: The promdump meta and promdump restore subcommands are failing with this error:

found unsequential head chunk files

A: This happens when there are out-of-sequence files in the chunk_heads folder of the source Prometheus instance.

The promdump command can still be used to generate the dump .tar.gz file because it doesn't parse the folder content, using the tsdb API. It simply adds the the entire chunk_heads folder to the dump .tar.gz file.

E.g, a dump file with 2 out-of-sequence head files may look like this:

$ tar -tf dump.tar.gz
./
./chunks_head/
./chunks_head/000027 # out-of-sequence
./chunks_head/000029 # out-of-sequence
./chunks_head/000033
./chunks_head/000034
./01F5ETH5T4MKTXJ1PEHQ71758P/
./01F5ETH5T4MKTXJ1PEHQ71758P/index
./01F5ETH5T4MKTXJ1PEHQ71758P/chunks/
./01F5ETH5T4MKTXJ1PEHQ71758P/chunks/000001
./01F5ETH5T4MKTXJ1PEHQ71758P/meta.json
./01F5ETH5T4MKTXJ1PEHQ71758P/tombstones
...

Any attempts to restore this dump file will crash the target Prometheus with the above error, complaining that files 000027 and 000028 are out-of-sequence.

To fix this dump file, we will have to manually delete those offending files:

mkdir temp

tar -xvfz dump.tar.gz -C temp

rm temp/chunks_head/000027 chunks_head/000029

tar -C temp -czvf restored.tar.gz .

Now you can restore the restored.tar.gz file to your target Prometheus with:

kubectl promdump restore -p $POD_NAME -t restored.tar.gz

Note that deleting those head files may cause some head data to be lost.

Limitations

promdump is still in its experimental phase. SREs can use it to copy data blocks from one Prometheus instance to another development instance, while debugging cluster issues.

Before restoring the data dump, promdump will erase the content of the data folder in the target Prometheus instance, to avoid corrupting the data blocks due to conflicting segment error such as:

opening storage failed: get segment range: segments are not sequential

Restoring a data dump containing out-of-sequence head blocks will crash the target Prometheus. See FAQ on how to fix the data dump.

promdump not suitable for production backup/restore operation.

Like kubectl cp, promdump requires the tar binary to be installed in the Prometheus container.

Development

To run linters and unit test:

make lint test

To produce local builds:

# the promdump core
make core

# the kubectl CLI plugin
make cli

To test the kubectl plugin locally, the plugin manifest at plugins/promdump.yaml must be updated with the new checksums. Then run:

kubectl krew install --manifest=plugins/promdump.yaml --archive=target/releases/<release>/plugins/kubectl-promdump-linux-amd64-<release>.tar.gz

All the binaries can be found in the local target/bin folder.

To install Prometheus via Helm:

make hack/prometheus

To create a release candidate:

make release VERSION=<rc-name>

To do a release:

git tag -a v$version

make release

All the release artifacts can be found in the local target/releases folder. Note that the GitHub Actions pipeline uses the same make release targets.

License

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use these files except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:

http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.