👨🏼‍💻 Deploying a 4 Tier Mailing Web Application on AWS 👨🏼‍💻

In this runbook, we will implement the PHP Mailing deployment with multi-tier architecture on AWS. We will be using the Amazon EC2 service on AWS for Webservers and Appservers. For the Mysql database, we will use the RDS service. We'll also see how to connect the Webserver to the Appservers and the Appservers with the Database to achieve a multi-tier application architecture deployment.

STEP 1: Create The Base Networking Infrastructure For NAT/ELB, Webservers, Appservers and Database

A) Create The VPC Network

Name: Prod-VPC
CidirBlock: 10.0.0.0/16

B) Create The NAT/AL Subnet 1 and 2

NAT/ALB Subnet 1

Name: Prod-NAT-ALB-Subnet-1
CidirBlock: 10.0.5.0/28
Availability Zone: us-west-1a

NAT/ALB Subnet 2

Name: Prod-NAT-ALB-Subnet-2
CidirBlock: 10.0.10.0/28
Availability Zone: us-west-1c

B) Create The Webserver Subnet 1 and 2

Webserver Subnet 1

Name: Prod-Webserver-Subnet-1
CidirBlock: 10.0.15.0
Availability Zone: us-west-1a

Webserver Subnet 2

Name: Prod-Webserver-Subnet-2
CidirBlock: 10.0.20.0
Availability Zone: us-west-1c

C) Create The Appserver Subnet 1 and 2

Appserver Subnet 1

Name: Prod-Appserver-Subnet-1
CidirBlock: 10.0.25.0
Availability Zone: us-west-1a

Appserver Subnet 2

Name: Prod-Appserver-Subnet-2
CidirBlock: 10.0.30.0
Availability Zone: us-west-1c

D) Create The Database Subnet 1 and 2

Database Subnet 1

Name: Prod-db-Subnet-1
CidirBlock: 10.0.35.0
Availability Zone: us-west-1a

Database Subnet 2

Name: Prod-db-Subnet-2
CidirBlock: 10.0.40.0
Availability Zone: us-west-1c

STEP 2: Create 4 Public Route Rable and 4 Private Route Tables (Because of NAT Redundancy Implementation)

See AWS Doc: https://www.shorturl.at/HSU18

A) NAT/ALB Public Subnet 1 Route Table

Name: Prod-NAT-ALB-Public-RT-1
VPC: Select the Prod-VPC

B) NAT/ALB Public Subnet 2 Route Table

Name: Prod-NAT-ALB-Public-RT-2
VPC: Select the Prod-VPC

C) Webserver Subnet 1 Route Table

Name: Prod-Webserver-RT-1
VPC: Select the Prod-VPC

D) Webserver Subnet 2 Route Table

Name: Prod-Webserver-RT-2
VPC: Select the Prod-VPC

E) Appserver Subnet 1 Table Table

Name: Prod-Appserver-RT-1
VPC: Select the Prod-VPC

F) Appserver Subnet 2 Table Table

Name: Prod-Appserver-RT-2
VPC: Select the Prod-VPC

G) Database Subnet 1 Route Table

Name: Prod-Database-RT-1
VPC: Select the Prod-VPC

H) Database Subnet 2 Route Table

Name: Prod-Database-RT-2
VPC: Select the Prod-VPC

STEP 3: Associate All Above Route Tables With Their Respective Subnets

Associate Prod-NAT-ALB-Public-RT-1 with Prod-NAT-ALB-Subnet-1
Associate Prod-NAT-ALB-Public-RT-2 with Prod-NAT-ALB-Subnet-2
Associate Prod-Webserver-RT-1 with Prod-Webserver-Subnet-1
Associate Prod-Webserver-RT-2 with Prod-Webserver-Subnet-2
Associate Prod-Appserver-RT-1 with Prod-Appserver-Subnet-1
Associate Prod-Appserver-RT-2 with Prod-Appserver-Subnet-2
Associate Prod-Database-RT-1 with Prod-db-Subnet-1
Associate Prod-Database-RT-2 with Prod-db-Subnet-2

STEP 4: Create and Configure IGW and NAT Gateways

A) Create and Configure IGW to Expose The `NAT/ALB Subnet 1` and `NAT/ALB Subnet 2`

Create the Internet Gatway

Name: Prod-VPC-IGW
VPC: Select the Prod-VPC Network

Configure/Edit the Prod-NAT-ALB-Public-RT-1 Route Table

Destination: 0.0.0.0/0
Target: Select the Prod-VPC-IGW
SAVE

Configure/Edit the Prod-NAT-ALB-Public-RT-2 Route Table

Destination: 0.0.0.0/0
Target: Select the Prod-VPC-IGW
SAVE

Configure/Edit the Prod-Webserver-RT-1 Route Table

Destination: 0.0.0.0/0
Target: Select the Prod-VPC-IGW
SAVE

Configure/Edit the Prod-Webserver-RT-2 Route Table

Destination: 0.0.0.0/0
Target: Select the Prod-VPC-IGW
SAVE

B) Create and Configure The NAT Gateways to point at the App and Database Tiers/Subnets

Create the First NAT Gateway

Name: Prod-NAT-Gateway-1
Subnet: Select Prod-NAT-ALB-Subnet-1
Elastic IP: Clcik Allocate Elastic IP
Click Create NAT gateway

Create the Second NAT Gateway

Name: Prod-NAT-Gateway-2
Subnet: Select Prod-NAT-ALB-Subnet-2
Elastic IP: Clcik Allocate Elastic IP
Click Create NAT gateway

C) Configure/Edit the Route Tables of `Appserver subnets` and `Database subnets` to Add the `Nat gateway` Configs

C.1) Update the `Appserver subnet` Route tables (1 and 2) with the following configs

Select the Prod-Appserver-RT-1

Click on Edit and Add route
Destination: 0.0.0.0/0
Target: Select Prod-NAT-Gateway-1

Select the Prod-Appserver-RT-2

Click on Edit and Add route
Destination: 0.0.0.0/0
Target: Select Prod-NAT-Gateway-2

C.2) Update the `Database subnet` Route tables (1 and 2) with the following configs

Select the Prod-Database-RT-1

Click on Edit and Add route
Destination: 0.0.0.0/0
Target: Select Prod-NAT-Gateway-1

Select the Prod-Database-RT-2

Click on Edit and Add route
Destination: 0.0.0.0/0
Target: Select Prod-NAT-Gateway-2

STEP 5: Create Security Groups

Create the Bastion Host Security Group

Click on Create Security group
- Name: Bastion-Host-Security-Group
- Inbound:
  - Ports: 22
  - Source: Provide Your IP or 0.0.0.0/0

Create the Frontend/External Load Balancer Security Group

Navigate to Security groups
Click on Create Security group
- Name: Frontend-LB-Security-Group
- Inbound:
  - Ports: 80 and 443
  - Source: 0.0.0.0/0
- Click Create Security Group

Create the Webservers Security Group

Click on Create Security group
- Name: Webservers-Security-Group
- Inbound:
  - Ports: 80 and 443
    - Source: Provide the Frontend-LB-Security-Group ID
  - Ports: 22
    - Source: Bastion-Host-Security-Group ID

Create the Backend Load Balancer Security Group

Click on Create Security group
- Name: Backend-LB-Security-Group
- Inbound:
  - Ports: 80 and 443
  - Source: Provide the Webservers-Security-Group ID

Create the Appservers Security Group

Click on Create Security group
- Name: Appservers-Security-Group
- Inbound:
  - Ports: 80 and 443
    - Source: Provide the Backend-LB-Security-Group ID
  - Ports: 22
    - Source: Bastion-Host-Security-Group ID

Create the Database Security Group

Click on Create Security group
- Name: Database-Security-Group
- Inbound:
  - Ports: 3306
    - Source: Provide the Appservers-Security-Group ID
  - Ports: 3306
    - Source: Bastion-Host-Security-Group ID

STEP 6: Create Frontend and Backend Load Balancers

Create Frontend Load Balancer

Listeners and routing:
- Click on Create a target group to create HTTP target group
  - target type: select instances
  - Target group name: Frontend-LB-HTTP-TG
  - Protocol and Port: HTTP:80
  - VPC: Select Prod-VPC
  - Protocol version: HTTP1
  - Health checks: HTTP
  - Health check path: /VenturaMailingApp.php
  - Click on Next
  - Click on Create target group
Navigate to EC2/Load Balancers and Click on Create Load Balancer
- Type: Choose Application Load Balancer
- Load balancer name: Prod-Frontend-LB
- Scheme: Internet-facing
- IP address type: IPv4
- Network mapping:
  - VPC: Select Prod-VPC
  - Mappings: Select the Prod-NAT-ALB-Subnet-1 and Prod-NAT-ALB-Subnet-2 frontend subnets
- Security groups: Select the Frontend-LB-Security-Group
- Listeners and routing:
  - Protocol: HTTP
  - Listener HTTP:80
  - Select the Frontend-LB-HTTP-TG
- Click on Create load balancer

Create Backend Load Balancer

Listeners and routing:
- Click on Create a target group to create HTTP target group
  - target type: select instances
  - Target group name: Backend-LB-HTTP-TG
  - Protocol and Port: HTTP:80
  - VPC: Select Prod-VPC
  - Protocol version: HTTP1
  - Health checks: HTTP
  - Health check path: /VenturaMailingApp.php
  - Click on Next
  - Click on Create target group
Navigate to EC2/Load Balancers and Click on Create Load Balancer
- Type: Choose Application Load Balancer
- Load balancer name: Prod-Backend-LB
- Scheme: Internet-facing
- IP address type: IPv4
- Network mapping:
  - VPC: Select Prod-VPC
  - Mappings: Select the Prod-Webserver-Subnet-1 and Prod-Webserver-Subnet-2 Webserver/Provate subnets
- Security groups: Select the Backend-LB-Security-Group
- Listeners and routing:
  - Protocol: HTTP
  - Listener HTTP:80
  - Select the Backend-LB-HTTP-TG
- Click on Create load balancer

STEP 7: Create a Database Subnet Group and Database Instance (RDS)

A) Create Databse Subnet Group

Navigate to the RDS Service
Click on Subnet groups
- Click Create DB Subnet Group
- Name: prod-db-subnet-group
- VPC: Select Prod-VPC
- Availability Zones: Select the two zones you used for this project. Example us-west-1a and us-west-1c
- Subnets: Select Prod-db-Subnet-1 and Prod-db-Subnet-2
- Click on CREATE

B) Create a Database Instance

Navigate to the RDS Service
Click on Databases and Create Database
- Choose a database creation method: Select Standard create
- Engine type: MySQL
- Engine Version: Select the latest
- Templates: Production
- Deployment options: Multi-AZ DB instance
- Databse Settings:
  - DB instance identifier: prod-database
  - Master username: admin
  - Master password: For example admin12345
  - NOTE: Password must be at least 8 characters, Can't contain / , ', " and @
  - DB instance class: Choose Burstable classes
  - Include previous generation classes: Enable
    - Select db.t2.micro
- Storage:
  - Storage type: Select General Purpose SSD (gp3)
  - Allocated storage: 30
  - Storage autoscaling: Enable
  - Maximum storage threshold: Default 1000
- Connectivity:
  - Compute resource: Select Don’t connect to an EC2 compute resource
  - Virtual private cloud (VPC): Prod-VPC
  - DB Subnet group: Select your DB Subnet group prod-db-subnet-group
  - Public access: NO
    - NOTE: To remote Programatically manually, we'll have to setup a bastion host
  - Database authentication: Select Password authentication
- Monitoring:
  - Enhanced Monitoring: Disable
- Additional configuration:
  - Initial database name: phpappdatabase
  - Backup: Enable automated backups
  - Encryption: Enable encryption
  - Maintenance: Disable
  - Deletion protection: Disable
- Click CREATE DATABASE

STEP 8: Create an S3 Bucket Environment To Upload The Automation and Database Configs

Navigate to Amazon S3
Click on Create Bucket
- Name: Use naming convention prod-proxy-app-db-config-YOUR-LAST-NAME-and-MONTH-OF-BIRTH
- AWS Region: Select your project region (California) us-west-1
- Object Ownership: ACLs disabled
- Block Public Access settings for this bucket: Enable Block all public access
- Bucket Versioning: Enable
- Default encryption: Enable
- Click CREATE BUCKET
Navigate to the GitHub Project Repository, Download the project App Stack and Upload it to the Bucket
- Click Here: https://github.com/awanmbandi/aws-real-world-projects
  - Make sure you're on four-tier-mailing-app-project branch
  - Click on the ZIP file name: app-db-configs.zip
  - Click View Raw or Download to download the application configs to your local
- Once it get's downloaded on your local
  - UNZIP the File
  - Open your VSCODE, ATOM or any other Text/Code Editor of your choice and make the following changes
    - Update the dbinfo.inc with your specific Database Configurations
    - Update the 000-default.conf with your specific Backend Load Balancer DNS/VenturaMailingApp.php
  - Upload: All 3 files into your s3 bucket

STEP 9: Create a Bastion Host VM For Remote Access ((SSH)) To Webservers, Appservers and MySQL Database

Navigate to Instance in EC2
Click on Create Instance
- Name: Prod-Bastion-Host
- AMI: Ubuntu 20.04
- Instance type: t2.micro
- Key pair name: Select/Create Key pair
  - Name: Prod-"YOUR_REGION"-Key
- Network:
  - VPC: Prod-VPC
  - Subnet: Select either Prod-NAT-ALB-Subnet-1 or Prod-NAT-ALB-Subnet-2
  - Auto-assign public IP: Enable
  - Security Group:
    - Select existing security group: Bastion-Host-Security-Group
- Click LAUNCH INSTANCE

Create an IAM Role That Grants AmazonS3ReadOnlyAccess To Your Web and App Servers

Navigate to IAM
Click on Roles and Create Role
- Select EC2
- Click on Next
- Permissions policies: Assign AmazonS3ReadOnlyAccess
- Click on Next
- Name: EC2-AmazonS3ReadOnlyAccess
- Click CREATE

STEP 9.3: `Login to your Bastion Host` and `Remote into the Appserver` to `Configure` the Environment

Once you lock into the Bastion, Execute the Following commands to setup SSH Agent Port Fowarding
Login to your Prod-Appserver using SSH Port Fowarding and Execute the following ccommands https://github.com/awanmbandi/aws-real-world-projects/blob/four-tier-mailing-app-project/appservers-startup-script/app-automation.sh

1. Setup SSH Port Forwarding Between Your Local and Bastion Host To Point at The Web, App and DB Instance.

exec ssh-agent bash

eval 'ssh-agent -s'

ssh-agent bash

ssh-add -L

(Once you run this command it will tell you if you have added some identities to SSH agen or not. If not run the bellow command to add identity or private key) ssh-add -k "Absolute Path to your Private key file on your Local"

ssh-add -L Now run the above command to check added identities or Private keys

Now we have to use this SSH Agent Identity to login to our bastion in the public subnet then we'll be able to login to our private server

ssh -A -i "private key" USER_NAME@HostNameORipAddress

ssh -A -i "private key" USER_NAME@HostNameORipAddress

(-A stands for AGENT FORWARDING. And once you get into the instance in the Bastion host using the SSH AGENT Identity, when you try to SSH into the instance in the private subnet now, what SSH AGENT will do is. It will make use of the Identity in your local machine to access the server. Then you'll be authenticated)

ssh USER_NAME@IPAddress

ssh USER_NAME@"Private Instance IP Address"

(Once you run this command you will be allowed into the server. That is SSH Agent port fording. It makes use of the locally stored Identity).

STEP 10: Create Webservers and Apservers Launch Templates

Create Webserver Launch Template

Naviagte to EC2/Launch Configuration
- Click on Create Launch Configuration
- Switch by Clicking on Create launch template
  - Name: Prod-Webservers-LT
  - Template version description: Prod-Webservers-LT Version 1
  - My AMI: Select for Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
  - Instance type: t2.micro
  - Key pair: Create a new key pair california-keypair
  - Network Settings:
    - Subnet: Select one of the Webserver subnets
    - Security groups (Firewalls): Select the Webservers-Security-Group
  - Expand Advance details
    - IAM instance profile: Select EC2-AmazonS3ReadOnlyAccess IAM Role
    - Auto-assign public IP: ENABLE
    - Auto-assign public IP: ENABLE
    - NOTE: Make sure to update the LoadBalancer DNS BACKEND_LOAD_BALANCER_DNS in https://github.com/awanmbandi/aws-real-world-projects/blob/three-tier-mailing-app-project/webserver-reverse-proxy-config/000-default.conf before passing the below User Data
    - User data: provide the user data in https://github.com/awanmbandi/aws-real-world-projects/blob/three-tier-mailing-app-project/webserver-reverse-proxy-config/web-automation.sh
    - NOTE: Update the webserver-reverse-proxy-config/000-default.conf on GitHub before passing User Data
    - Click on Create launch template

Create Appserver Launch Template

Naviagte to EC2/Launch Configuration
- Click on Create Launch Configuration
- Switch by Clicking on Create launch template
  - Name: Prod-Appservers-LT
  - Template version description: Prod-Appservers-LT Version 1
  - My AMI: Select Amazon Linux 2
  - Instance type: t2.micro
  - Key pair: Create a new key pair california-keypair
  - Network Settings:
    - Subnet: Select one of the Appserver subnets
    - Security groups (Firewalls): Select the Appservers-Security-Group
  - Expand Advance details
    - IAM instance profile: Select EC2-AmazonS3ReadOnlyAccess IAM Role
    - NOTE: Make sure to update the Database Configurations in https://github.com/awanmbandi/aws-real-world-projects/blob/main/appserver-database-config/wp-config.php with Yours, before passing the below User Data
    - User data: provide the user data in https://github.com/awanmbandi/aws-real-world-projects/blob/main/appserver-startup-script/app-automation.sh
    - NOTE: Update the Database Configuration file main/appserver-database-config/wp-config.php on GitHub before passing the User Data
    - Once changes have been made and user data passed
    - Click on Create launch template

STEP 11: Create Webserver and Appserver Auto Scaling Groups

A). Webserver Autocsaling Group

Navigate to EC2/Auto Scaling
- Click on Create Auto Scaling Group
  - Auto Scaling group name: prod-webservers-autoscaling-group
  - Launch template: Select the Prod-Webservers-LT
  - Click on NEXT
  - VPC: Select Prod-VPC
  - Availability Zones and subnets: Select Prod-Webserver-Subnet-1 and Prod-Webserver-Subnet-2
  - Click NEXT
  - Load balancing: Select "Attach to an existing load balancer", select Frontend-LB-HTTP-TG
    - Select Choose from your load balancer target groups
    - Existing load balancer target groups: Select the Frontend-LB-HTTP-TG
  - Health check type: Select EC2 and ELB
  - Click on NEXT
  - Group size:
    - Desired: 2
    - Min: 2
    - Max: 5
  - Scaling policies:
    - NOTE: Also Known as Dynamic Scaling. This defines the Scale Out Policy/Action
    - Select Target tracking scaling policy
      - Scaling policy name: prod-asg-scale-out-policy
      - Metric type: Select Average VPU Utilization
      - Target value: 80%
    - Click on NEXT
    - Click on NEXT
    - Click on NEXT
    - Click on Create Auto Scaling Group

B). Appserver Autocsaling Group

Navigate to EC2/Auto Scaling
- Click on Create Auto Scaling Group
  - Auto Scaling group name: prod-appservers-autoscaling-group
  - Launch template: Select the Prod-Appserver-LT
  - Click on NEXT
  - VPC: Select Prod-VPC
  - Availability Zones and subnets: Select Prod-Appserver-Subnet-1 and Prod-Appserver-Subnet-2
  - Click NEXT
  - Load balancing: Select "Attach to an existing load balancer", select Backend-LB-HTTP-TG
    - Select Choose from your load balancer target groups
    - Existing load balancer target groups: Select the Backend-LB-HTTP-TG
  - Health check type: Select EC2 and ELB
  - Click on NEXT
  - Group size:
    - Desired: 2
    - Min: 2
    - Max: 5
  - Scaling policies:
    - NOTE: Also Known as Dynamic Scaling. This defines the Scale Out Policy/Action
    - Select Target tracking scaling policy
      - Scaling policy name: prod-asg-scale-out-policy
      - Metric type: Select Average VPU Utilization
      - Target value: 80%
    - Click on NEXT
    - Click on NEXT
    - Click on NEXT
    - Click on Create Auto Scaling Group
- TEST TO MAKE SURE APPLICATION IS ACCESSIBLE

Integrate Route53 DNS

Navigate to the Route 53 service
Either Register a Domain if you don't have one or Use and Esisting Domain
Click on Hosted Zones
Click on Your Domain Hosted Zone
- Click Create Record
  - Name: PHP-Webapp-DNS-Record
  - Type: CNAME Domain Record
  - Subdomain: www
  - Value: Provide Prod-Frontend-LB DNS
  - Routing policy: Simple Routing
- CREATE RECORD
- Give Rout53 between 2-4 Minutes for it to Publish The Record Configs
- RUN A TEST: Open your browser http://www.jjtechphp-fourtier-webapplication.com/VenturaMailingApp.php

Create Route 53 Application Health Check

Navigate to the Route 53 service
Click on Health Checks
Click Create Health Check
- Name: Prod-Webapp-HC
- What to monitor: Endpoint
- Specify endpoint by: Domain Name
- Protocol: HTTP
- Port: 80
- Path /: VenturaMailingApp.php
- Create alarm: yes
  - Send notification to: New SNS topic
  - Topic name: PHP-Webapp-SNS-Topic
  - Recipient email addresses: [email protected]
  - NOTE: YOU HAVE TO ACCEPT THE SNS EMAIL SUBSCRIPTION REQUEST THAT WILL BE SENT TO YOUR EMAIL
- CREATE
Refresh Health Check Console to Confirm Healthy State

ADD Some Data Into The Application From The Browser

Navigate to: www.jjtechphp-fourtier-webapplication.com/VenturaMailingApp.php

Add 5 Employee Entries and Example Addresses
Verify that these Entries are stored in the Database phpappdatabase Database Instance

Coonect to the App MySQL Database Instance

Login to the Database Using the Bastion Host

sudo apt update
sudo apt install mysql-server -y

Once you install the MySQL client go ahead and connect to the database using the below command.
NOTE: Once you run the command it'll request you provide your DB Password then it'll log you in after it validates the password is correct

mysql -h YOUR_DATABASE_ENDPOINT -u admin -p

You're now in the database, you can now run the below command to show all databases, and you can verify the result by visiting the "Databases" tab in Cloud SQL.

SHOW DATABASES;

Set Database as default

USE phpappdatabase;

List all TABLES in the phpappdatabase Database

SHOW TABLES;

Show The Data In The EMPLOYEES Table in the phpappdatabase Database

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES;

Test Your Mult-AZ Databse Deployment By Failing Over

Navigate back to the console while you're still logged into the Database
Select the App Database Instance
Click on Actions
Click on REBOOT
- Select Reboot With Failover?
- Click CONFIRM
CONFIRM THAT THE APPLICATION IS STILL ACCESSIBLE and
That you are still logged into the Database from your Terminal

CONGRATULATIONS!! CONGRATULATIONS!!

(OPTIONAL): Certificate Manager SSL/TLS Certificate Integration

Navigate to the Certificate Manager Service
Region: Confim you are in the same Region as your workloads
Click Request a Certificate
Certificate type: Request a public certificate
Click Next
- Fully qualified domain name: Provide Your Domain From Rout53 Example: www.jjtechphp-fourtier-webapplication.com
- Click REQUEST
Give it a few Minutes for the Certificate Request to Complete
Refresh the CM Console

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