Quick disclaimer: I have no intention of adding offsets for other devices and iOS versions.

kfd, short for kernel file descriptor, is a project to read and write kernel memory on Apple devices. It leverages various vulnerabilities that can be exploited to obtain dangling PTEs, which will be referred to as a PUAF primitive, short for "physical use-after-free". Then, it reallocates certain kernel objects inside those physical pages and manipulates them directly from user space through the dangling PTEs in order to achieve a KRKW primitive, short for "kernel read/write". The exploit code is fully contained in a library, libkfd, but the project also contains simple executable wrappers for iOS and macOS. The public API of libkfd is quite small and intuitive:

enum puaf_method {
    puaf_physpuppet,
    puaf_smith,
    puaf_landa,
};

enum kread_method {
    kread_kqueue_workloop_ctl,
    kread_sem_open,
};

enum kwrite_method {
    kwrite_dup,
    kwrite_sem_open,
};

u64 kopen(u64 puaf_pages, u64 puaf_method, u64 kread_method, u64 kwrite_method);
void kread(u64 kfd, u64 kaddr, void* uaddr, u64 size);
void kwrite(u64 kfd, void* uaddr, u64 kaddr, u64 size);
void kclose(u64 kfd);

kopen() conceptually opens a "kernel file descriptor". It takes the following 4 arguments:

• puaf_pages: The target number of physical pages with dangling PTEs.
• puaf_method: The method used to obtain the PUAF primitive, with the following options:
  • puaf_physpuppet:
    • This method exploits CVE-2023-23536.
    • Fixed in iOS 16.4 and macOS 13.3.
    • Reachable from the App Sandbox but not the WebContent sandbox.
    • $52,500 Apple Security Bounty reward.
  • puaf_smith:
    • This method exploits CVE-2023-32434.
    • Fixed in iOS 16.5.1 and macOS 13.4.1.
    • Reachable from the WebContent sandbox and might have been actively exploited.
  • puaf_landa:
    • This method exploits CVE-2023-41974.
    • Fixed in iOS 17.0 and macOS 14.0.
    • Reachable from the App Sandbox but not the WebContent sandbox.
    • $70,000 Apple Security Bounty reward.
• kread_method: The method used to obtain the initial kread() primitive.
• kwrite_method: The method used to obtain the initial kwrite() primitive.

If the exploit is successful, kopen() returns a 64-bit opaque file descriptor. In practice, this is just a user space pointer to a structure needed by libkfd. However, since that structure should not be accessed outside of the library, it is returned as an opaque integer. If the exploit is unsuccessful, the library will print an error message, sleep for 30 seconds, then exit with a status code of 1. It sleeps for 30 seconds because the kernel might panic on exit for certain PUAF methods that require some cleanup post-KRKW (e.g. puaf_smith).

kread() and kwrite() are the user space equivalent of copyout() and copyin(), respectively. Please note that the options for kread_method and kwrite_method are described in a separate write-up. In addition, the initial primitives granted by those methods can be used to bootstrap a better KRKW primitive. Finally, kclose() simply closes the kernel file descriptor. They all take the opaque integer returned by kopen() as their first argument.

In Xcode, open the root folder of the project and connect your iOS device.

• To build the project, select Product > Build (⌘B).
• To run the project, select Product > Run (⌘R), then click on the "kopen" button in the app.

In a terminal, navigate to the root folder of the project.

Optionally, to increase the global and per-process file descriptor limits, which will improve the success rate especially on multiple consecutive runs, enter the command make s and type in the sudo password.

• To build the project, enter the command make b.
• To run the project, enter the command make r.
• To build and run the project at once, enter the command make br.

This README presented a high-level overview of the kfd project. Once a PUAF primitive has been achieved, the rest of the exploit is generic. Therefore, I have hoisted the common part of the exploits in a dedicated write-up:

• Exploiting PUAFs

In addition, I have split the vulnerability-specific part of the exploits used to achieve the PUAF primitive into distinct write-ups, listed below in chronological order of discovery:

• PhysPuppet
• Smith
• Landa

However, please note that these write-ups have been written for an audience that is already familiar with the XNU virtual memory system.