Welcome to the world of forms in Rails which will give users the ability to submit data into form fields. This can be used for: creating new database records, building a contact form, integrating a search engine field, and pretty much every other aspect of the application that requires user input. When it comes to forms in Rails you will discover that you will have the flexibility to utilize:

• Built in form helper methods

• Plain HTML form elements

This lesson is going to begin with integrating HTML form elements and then slowly start to refactor the form using Rails methods. It would be very easy to integrate form helpers (and we could have our form working in a few minutes), however, to fully understand what Rails is doing behind the scenes is more important than getting this form working. We're going to build the system from the ground up so when we're finished you should be able to understand all of the processes that are necessary in order to process forms in an application properly and securely.

Today we'll be giving the user the ability to create a new post in our BlogFlash application. Let's first create a Capybara spec to ensure that going to posts/new takes us to our form. If you remember back to the rails route helper lesson, we now know we don't need to hard code the route into our tests any longer. Let's use the standard RESTful convention of new_post_path for the route helper name:

# specs/features/post_spec.rb

describe 'new post' do
  it 'ensures that the form route works with new action' do
    visit new_post_path
    expect(page.status_code).to eq(200)
  end
end

As expected this results in a failure saying that we don't have a new_post_path method, so let's create that in our route file:

resources :posts, only: [:index, :new]

Now it gives the failure The action 'new' could not be found for PostsController. To correct this, let's add a new action in the post controller:

def new
end

Lastly, it says we're missing a template. Let's add app/views/posts/new.html.erb. Now, all our tests are passing for our routing; let's add a matcher spec to make sure the form itself is being shown on this page:

# specs/features/post_spec.rb

describe 'new post' do
  it 'has the form render with the new action' do
    visit new_post_path
    expect(page).to have_content("Post Form")
  end
end

Running this spec gets a matcher error. We can get this passing by adding the HTML <h3>Post Form</h3> to the new.html.erb view template.

Our first pass at the form will be in plain HTML. In this reading we're not concerned with creating any records in the database, our focus is simply on the form process. We'll simply be printing out the submitted form params on the show page.

Let's create a spec for this. It's going to take a while for this to pass since we're going to be spending some time on the HTML creation process, but it's a good practice to ensure all new features are tested before the implementation code is added.

As you are updating the code, make sure to test it out in the browser – don't just rely on the tests. It's important to see the errors in both the tests and the browser since you will want to become familiar with both types of failure messages.

# specs/features/post_spec.rb

it 'shows a new form that submits content and redirects to new page and prints out params' do
  visit new_post_path

  fill_in 'post_title', with: "My post title"
  fill_in 'post_description', with: "My post description"

  click_on "Submit Post"

  expect(page).to have_content("My post title")
end

This fails for obvious reasons, let's follow the TDD process and let the failures help build our form. The first error says that it can't find the field post_title. Let's add the following HTML form items into the view template:

<h3>Post Form</h3>

<form>
  <label>Post title:</label><br>
  <input type="text" id="post_title" name="post_title"><br>

  <label>Post Description</label><br>
  <textarea id="post_description" name="post_description"></textarea><br>

  <input type="submit" value="Submit Post">
</form>

<%= params.inspect %>

In looking at both of the input elements, I'm using the standard Rails convention:

• id - This will have the model name followed by an underscore and then the attribute name

• name - This is where Rails looks for the parameters and stores it in a params Hash. In a traditional Rails application this will be nested inside of the model with the syntax model[attribute], however we will work through that in a later lesson.

You'll also notice that I'm printing out the params to the page. This is because our Capybara tests will need to have the content rendered onto the page in order to pass. In a normal application, the page would redirect to a show or index page and this wouldn't be necessary.

Ok, so the spec was able to fill in the form elements and submit, but it's giving an error because this form doesn't actually redirect to any page. Let's first update the form so that it has an action:

<form action="<%= posts_path %>">

This will now redirect to /posts, however we also need to add a method so that the application knows that we are submitting form data via the POST HTTP verb:

<form action="<%= posts_path %>" method="post">

If you open up the browser and try this you will get an error since the create route doesn't exist yet.

Next, we need to draw a route so that the routing system knows what to do when a POST request is sent to the /posts resource:

resources :posts, only: [:index, :new, :create]

If you run rake routes, you will see we now have a posts#create action:

Prefix    Verb    URI                   Controller#Action
posts     GET     /posts(.:format)      posts#index
          POST    /posts(.:format)      posts#create
new_post  GET     /posts/new(.:format)  posts#new
post      GET     /post/:id(.:format)   posts#show

Now let's add in a create action in the posts' controller and have it grab the params, store them in an instance variable and then redirect to the new page (you can ignore how I'm passing the @post instance variable through the route, that is simply so the view can have access to the submitted form params):

def create
  @post = params
  redirect_to new_post_path(post: @post)
end

If you run the rails server and go to the posts/new page and fill in the title and description form elements and click submit you will find a new type of error:

Which leads us to a very important part of Rails forms: CSRF.

First and foremost, CSRF is an acronym for: Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF). Instead of giving a boring explanation of what happens during a CSRF request, let's walk through a real life example of a Cross-Site Request Forgery hack:

1. You go to your bank website and login; you check your balance and then open up a new tab in the browser and go to your favorite meme site.

2. Without you knowing, the meme site is actually a hacking site that has scripts running in the background as soon as you land on their page.

3. One of the scripts on the site hijacks the banking session that you have open in the other browser and submits a form request to transfer money to their account.

4. The banking form can't tell that the form request wasn't made by you, so it goes through the process as if you were the one who made the request.

This is a Cross-Site Request Forgery request; one site makes a request to another site via a form. Rails blocks this from happening by default by requiring that a unique authenticity token is submitted with each form. This authenticity token is stored in the session and can't be hijacked by hackers since it performs a match check when the form is submitted and will throw an error if the token isn't there or doesn't match.

To fix this ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken error we can integrate the form_authenticity_token helper into the form as a hidden field:

<h3>Post Form</h3>

<form action="<%= posts_path %>" method="post">
  <label>Post title:</label><br>
  <input type="text" id="post_title" name="post[title]"><br>

  <label>Post Description</label><br>
  <textarea id="post_description" name="post[description]"></textarea><br>

  <input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="<%= form_authenticity_token %>">
  <input type="submit" value="Submit Post">
</form>

If you refresh the page you will see that not only is the error fixed, but the elements are now also being printed out on the page! Running the specs you will see that our spec is now passing, so our form is working. However, this might be one of the ugliest Rails forms I've ever seen, so let's do some re-factoring.

The ActionView has a number of methods we can use to streamline our form. What's ActionView? ActionView is a sub-gem of Rails that has a number of helper methods that we can use in a Rails application that assist with streamling view template code. Let's start by integrating a Rails form_tag element:

<%= form_tag posts_path do %>
  <label>Post title:</label><br>
  <input type="text" id="post_title" name="post[title]"><br>

  <label>Post Description</label><br>
  <textarea id="post_description" name="post[description]"></textarea><br>

  <%= hidden_field_tag :authenticity_token, form_authenticity_token %>
  <input type="submit" value="Submit Post">
<% end %>

Running the tests you will see that all of the tests are still passing. If you go and look at the HTML that this generates you will see the following:

<form action="/posts" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="7B5m/x8roxG6bc1vbRxRhr/z+ql6D261+j6LwHeGjeial7hxyW+5zk6CTGLpY1aKUj9hzLPdtRhWfcX5i047Iw==" />
  <label>Post title:</label><br>
  <input type="text" id="post_title" name="post[title]"><br>

  <label>Post Description</label><br>
  <textarea id="post_description" name="post[description]"></textarea><br>

  <input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" id="authenticity_token" value="JC6cMiNK9k8nuWJdKp/3E29C/bALDkK9N6it3TeFEb1Sp0K89Q7skNNW41Cu4PAfgo5m1cLcmRCb6+Pky02ndg==" />
  <input type="submit" value="Submit Post">
</form>

The form_tag Rails helper is smart enough to know that we want to pass the form params using the POST method and it automatically renders the HTML that we were writing by hand before.

Now let's integrate some other form helpers to let Rails generate the input elements for us, for this form we'll be using the text_field_tag and text_area_tag tag and pass them the attributes with symbols. It's important to realize that form helpers aren't magic, they are simply Ruby methods that have arguments, which are the inputs and additional parameters related to the form elements. In addition to updating the form fields, we'll also replace the HTML tag for the submit button with the submit_tag. Lastly, we can remove the manual authenticity token call since that is generated automatically through the form_tag helper:

<%= form_tag posts_path do %>
  <label>Post title:</label><br>
  <%= text_field_tag :title %><br>

  <label>Post Description</label><br>
  <%= text_area_tag :description %><br>
  
  <%= submit_tag "Submit Post" %>
<% end %>

So what HTML does this generate for us? Below is the raw HTML:

<form action="/posts" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="uQUOmh8edu8S/x5mVqp4aMpqEkHGbBYCdY6NVrvBut7PjNAUyVpsMOYQn2vS1X9kJ6aJJA++za/ZzcNvRwkMFQ==" />
  <label>Post title:</label><br>
  <input type="text" name="title" id="title" /><br>

  <label>Post Description</label><br>
  <textarea name="description" id="description"></textarea><br>
  
  <input type="submit" name="commit" value="Submit Post" />
</form>

Notice how the name and id elements are different from what we needed to use when we manually built out the form. By utilizing the form tag helpers, Rails streamlined the naming structure for the name and id values since we were able to simply provide a symbol of the attribute the input was associated with.

This is all working on the page, however it broke some of our tests since it streamlined the ID attribute in the form, so let's update our spec:

fill_in 'title', with: "My post title"
fill_in 'description', with: "My post description"

Running the specs again and now we're back to everything passing and you now know how to build a Rails form from scratch and refactor it using Rails form helper methods, nice work!

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