On-the-fly meshing of raster elevation tiles for the CesiumJS virtual globe

This package contains a Cesium TerrainProvider that uses right-triangular irregular networks (RTIN) pioneered by Mapbox's Martini to transform Terrain-RGB elevation tiles into quantized mesh terrain, for rendering in the CesiumJS digital globe. The module provides a general technique applicable to all raster imagery (although the Terrain-RGB format is near-ideal for streaming elevation data). Fixes for performance and better control of rendering quality are in progress.

This module was created to support our geologic map visualization work at Macrostrat and as a building block for future rich geoscience visualizations.

This package is listed on NPM as @macrostrat/cesium-martini. It can be installed using the command

npm install --save @macrostrat/cesium-martini

As of version 1.3.x, cesium-martini development is tested with the Yarn package manager. Your mileage with npm may vary.

1. Clone the repository
2. Run git submodule update --init to fetch the martini submodule
3. Install dependencies with yarn install
4. Build the package with yarn run build

After cloning this repository, you can build the module (using Rollup) with yarn run build, or build and watch for changes with yarn run watch.

Several example applications are available in the examples/ directory and runnable from the root project. The main example is built with Vite and others are built with Webpack v5. As well as showing how to use this module, these examples contain configuration for bundling Cesium in each packaging environment.

To run an example application, add MAPBOX_API_TOKEN=<your-mapbox-token> to a .env file. in the root of this repository, and then start the appropriate example:

• yarn run example (Vite)
• yarn run example:webpack (Webpack)
• yarn run example:webpack-react (Webpack + React)

Contributions in the form of bug reports and pull requests are welcome. These can be to add functionality (e.g. optional normal-map generation) or for performance. See list of known limitations below.

The Cesium digital globe is a powerful platform for visualization of geospatial data in 3D. Cesium maintains a global elevation dataset as a prebuilt terrain mesh, which caches the computationally-intensive step of meshing height-field data into a triangle irregular network (TIN). Unfortunately, this quantized mesh format is relatively new, narrowly supported and tailored to Cesium itself. Going forward, supporting a TIN format for elevation datasets requires maintenance of significant single-purpose processing pipelines and storage resources.

Mapbox maintains a multiscale global elevation dataset in their clever terrain-RGB format, which bridges web standard file formats (PNG images) with traditional raster GIS formats for representing terrain. Rasters are the standard representation of elevation data across the geosciences, and many pipelines are available to create and modify raster images. Basically any elevation dataset can be easily rescaled to the Terrain-RGB format, but the jump from there to a "Quantized mesh" is more complicated.

Recently, the MARTINI project by Vladimir Agafonkin at Mapbox demonstrated an elegant algorithmic approach that sidesteps this issue. MARTINI meshes based on right-triangulated irregular networks (RTIN, Evans et al., 1998) and is far quicker than the traditional TIN generation techniques.

A speedy meshing algorithm allows this data-preparation step to be handled in the browser after elevation tiles are loaded. Integrating this toolchain into the Cesium digital globe enables the usage of Mapbox global data and other raster terrain layers (e.g. planetary and bathymetric data!), without adding overhead of TIN processing and storage.

Cesium's implementations of the TerrainProvider interface are generally geared towards representing static terrain meshes. The RTIN algorithm used here can dynamically build meshes at a variety of error levels, and the input height field are data-dense and can represent extremely detailed meshes at a given zoom level. Currently, meshes are generated at levels of detail that undersample the available structure in a terrain tile — levels of detail are calibrated to what Cesium needs to render visually pleasing output at a given zoom level.

A smarter and more parsimonious solution would use much lower zoom levels for terrain than imagery, using the full resolution of the dataset in mesh construction. Done correctly, this could lead to an extremely data-efficient and adaptive terrain render, but this seems to run somewhat counter to how Cesium internally manages levels of detail. Ideally, someone familiar with the inner workings of Cesium would provide some guidance here.

• High-resolution @2x tiles are notionally supported but not well-tested.
• There is no formal testing framework to catch regressions.
• TypeScript types are discarded on compilation rather than checked properly.

• Mapbox MARTINI
• MARTINI algorithm explanation
• Evans et al., Right-triangulated irregular networks, 1998 (journal link)
• Cesium quantized mesh specification
• Quantized mesh viewer
• Cesium globe materials example
• Cesium sky/atmosphere example

• Make compatible with Mapbox's new terrain-dem tileset if possible
• Better masking of unavailable tiles
• Bathymetry option
• Tie to hillshade generator so the same tiles are loaded

Pull requests for any and all of these priorities are appreciated!

• Add compilation to ESModules, which allows the package to be used with modern bundlers like Vite. Contributed by @fc.
• Change latitude-based scaling factor for tile error to improve fidelity at high latitudes.
• Remove regenerator-runtime from web-worker code, targeting modern platforms.

We reorganized the development environment and examples through a set of interrelated changes, for a more modern overall design.

• Switched to yarn from npm as the default package manager
• Enabled Yarn Plug'n'Play for faster development
• Created a Vite example application
• Migrated Webpack examples to Webpack 5
• Moved all examples to the examples/ directory as Yarn workspaces, enabling separation of dependencies

• Globe caps! (disable using the fillPoles option).
• Some fixes for efficiency
• Fixed small errors in tile occlusion code
• Added a minZoom configuration option to prevent excessive loading of low-resolution tiles
• Four (!) pull requests from @stuarta0 to improve loading of non-Mapbox tilesets

• Fix memory leak where ArrayBuffers were retained due to console logging.

• Fixed a bug with loading high-resolution tiles
• Added a skipOddLevels option that significantly reduces the load of zooming through many terrain levels. This is enabled by default.
• Greatly increase skirt height

• Fixed a bug with tile occlusion south of the equator for high-detail tiles
• A quicker and more robust mesh-densification algorithm for low zoom levels
• More configurability with options like detailScalar and minimumErrorLevel.
• Updated README and examples
• Uses web workers for rapid tile generation off the main thread