PostgreSQL HTTP Client

Motivation

Wouldn't it be nice to be able to write a trigger that called a web service? Either to get back a result, or to poke that service into refreshing itself against the new state of the database?

This extension is for that.

Examples

SELECT urlencode('my special string''s & things?');

              urlencode
-------------------------------------
 my+special+string%27s+%26+things%3F
(1 row)

SELECT content FROM http_get('http://httpbin.org/ip');

           content
-----------------------------
 {"origin":"24.69.186.43"}                          +
(1 row)

SELECT content::json->'headers'->>'Authorization' FROM http((
          'GET',
           'http://httpbin.org/headers',
           ARRAY[http_header('Authorization','Bearer eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9')],
           NULL,
           NULL
        )::http_request)

                   content
----------------------------------------------
 Bearer eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9
(1 row)

SELECT status, content_type FROM http_get('http://httpbin.org/');

 status |       content_type
--------+--------------------------
    200 | text/html; charset=utf-8
(1 row)

SELECT (unnest(headers)).* FROM http_get('http://httpbin.org/');

              field               |             value
----------------------------------+-------------------------------
 Connection                       | close
 Server                           | meinheld/0.6.1
 Date                             | Tue, 09 Jan 2018 18:40:30 GMT
 Content-Type                     | text/html; charset=utf-8
 Content-Length                   | 13011
 Access-Control-Allow-Origin      | *
 Access-Control-Allow-Credentials | true
 X-Powered-By                     | Flask
 X-Processed-Time                 | 0.0208520889282
 Via                              | 1.1 vegur

SELECT status, content_type, content::json->>'data' AS data
  FROM http_put('http://httpbin.org/put', 'some text', 'text/plain');

 status |   content_type   |   data
--------+------------------+-----------
    200 | application/json | some text

SELECT status, content_type, content::json->>'data' AS data
  FROM http_patch('http://httpbin.org/patch', '{"this":"that"}', 'application/json');

 status |   content_type   |      data
--------+------------------+------------------
    200 | application/json | '{"this":"that"}'

SELECT status, content_type, content::json->>'url' AS url
  FROM http_delete('http://httpbin.org/delete');

 status |   content_type   |            url
--------+------------------+---------------------------
    200 | application/json | http://httpbin.org/delete

To POST to a URL using a data payload instead of parameters embedded in the URL, use the application/x-www-form-urlencoded content type.

SELECT status, content::json->>'form'
  FROM http_post('http://httpbin.org/post',
                 'myvar=myval&foo=bar',
                 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded');

Remember to URL encode content that includes any "special" characters (really, anything other than a-z and 0-9).

SELECT status, content::json->>'form'
  FROM http_post('http://httpbin.org/post',
                 'myvar=' || urlencode('my special string & things?'),
                 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded');

To access binary content, you must coerce the content from the default varchar representation to a bytea representation using the textsend function. Using the default varchar::bytea cast will not work, as the cast will stop the first time it hits a zero-valued byte (common in binary data).

WITH
  http AS (
    SELECT * FROM http_get('http://httpbin.org/image/png')
  ),
  headers AS (
    SELECT (unnest(headers)).* FROM http
  )
SELECT
  http.content_type,
  length(textsend(http.content)) AS length_binary,
  headers.value AS length_headers
FROM http, headers
WHERE field = 'Content-Length';

 content_type | length_binary | length_headers
--------------+---------------+----------------
 image/png    |          8090 | 8090

To access only the headers you can do a HEAD-Request. This will not follow redirections.

SELECT
    http.status,
    headers.value AS location
FROM
    http_head('http://google.com') AS http
    LEFT OUTER JOIN LATERAL (SELECT value
        FROM unnest(http.headers)
        WHERE field = 'Location') AS headers
        ON true;

 status |                         location
--------+-----------------------------------------------------------
    302 | http://www.google.ch/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=ACESWLy_KuvI8zeghL64Ag

Concepts

Every HTTP call is a made up of an http_request and an http_response.

     Composite type "public.http_request"
    Column    |       Type        | Modifiers
--------------+-------------------+-----------
 method       | http_method       |
 uri          | character varying |
 headers      | http_header[]     |
 content_type | character varying |
 content      | character varying |

    Composite type "public.http_response"
    Column    |       Type        | Modifiers
--------------+-------------------+-----------
 status       | integer           |
 content_type | character varying |
 headers      | http_header[]     |
 content      | character varying |

The utility functions, http_get(), http_post(), http_put(), http_delete() and http_head() are just wrappers around a master function, http(http_request) that returns http_response.

The headers field for requests and response is a PostgreSQL array of type http_header which is just a simple tuple.

  Composite type "public.http_header"
 Column |       Type        | Modifiers
--------+-------------------+-----------
 field  | character varying |
 value  | character varying |

As seen in the examples, you can unspool the array of http_header tuples into a result set using the PostgreSQL unnest() function on the array. From there you select out the particular header you are interested in.

Functions

• http_header(field VARCHAR, value VARCHAR) returns http_header
• http(request http_request) returns http_response
• http_get(uri VARCHAR) returns http_response
• http_post(uri VARCHAR, content VARCHAR, content_type VARCHAR) returns http_response
• http_put(uri VARCHAR, content VARCHAR, content_type VARCHAR) returns http_response
• http_patch(uri VARCHAR, content VARCHAR, content_type VARCHAR) returns http_response
• http_delete(uri VARCHAR) returns http_response
• http_head(uri VARCHAR) returns http_response
• http_set_curlopt(curlopt VARCHAR, value varchar) returns boolean
• http_reset_curlopt() returns boolean
• urlencode(string VARCHAR) returns text

CURL Options

Select CURL options are available to set using the http_set_curlopt(curlopt VARCHAR, value varchar) function.

• CURLOPT_DNS_SERVERS
• CURLOPT_PROXY
• CURLOPT_PRE_PROXY
• CURLOPT_PROXYPORT
• CURLOPT_PROXYUSERPWD
• CURLOPT_PROXYUSERNAME
• CURLOPT_PROXYPASSWORD
• CURLOPT_PROXY_TLSAUTH_USERNAME
• CURLOPT_PROXY_TLSAUTH_PASSWORD
• CURLOPT_PROXY_TLSAUTH_TYPE
• CURLOPT_TLSAUTH_USERNAME
• CURLOPT_TLSAUTH_PASSWORD
• CURLOPT_TLSAUTH_TYPE
• CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST
• CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER
• CURLOPT_SSLCERT
• CURLOPT_SSLKEY
• CURLOPT_SSLCERTTYPE
• CURLOPT_CAINFO
• CURLOPT_TIMEOUT
• CURLOPT_TIMEOUT_MS
• CURLOPT_TCP_KEEPALIVE
• CURLOPT_TCP_KEEPIDLE
• CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT

For example,

SELECT http_set_curlopt('CURLOPT_PROXYPORT', '12345');

Will set the proxy port option for the lifetime of the database connection. You can reset all CURL options to their defaults using the http_reset_curlopt() function.

Keep-Alive & Timeouts

The http_reset_curlopt() approach described above is recommended. The global variables below will be deprecated and removed over time.

By default each request uses a fresh connection and assures that the connection is closed when the request is done. This behavior reduces the chance of consuming system resources (sockets) as the extension runs over extended periods of time.

High-performance applications may wish to enable keep-alive and connection persistence to reduce latency and enhance throughput. The following GUC variable changes the behavior of the http extension to maintain connections as long as possible:

http.keepalive = 'on'

By default a 5 second timeout is set for the completion of a request. If a different timeout is desired the following GUC variable can be used to set it in milliseconds:

http.timeout_msec = 200

Installation

UNIX

If you have PostgreSQL (>= 9.3) devel packages and CURL devel packages installed (>= 0.7.20), you should have pg_config and curl-config on your path, so you should be able to just run make, then make install, then in your database CREATE EXTENSION http.

If you already installed a previous version and you just want to upgrade, then ALTER EXTENSION http UPDATE.

Windows

There is a build available at postgresonline, not maintained by me.

Why This is a Bad Idea

• "What happens if the web page takes a long time to return?" Your SQL call will just wait there until it does. Make sure your web service fails fast.
• "What if the web page returns junk?" Your SQL call will have to test for junk before doing anything with the payload.
• "What if the web page never returns?" Set a short timeout, or send a cancel to the request, or just wait forever.
• "What if a user queries a page they shouldn't?" Restrict function access, or just don't install a footgun like this extension where users can access it.

To Do

• The new http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/bgworker.html background worker support could be used to set up an HTTP request queue, so that pgsql-http can register a request and callback and then return immediately.
• Inevitably some web server will return gzip content (Content-Encoding) without being asked for it. Handling that gracefully would be good.