Size does matter
The goal of this package is to provide utilities to work with indices of effect size and standardized parameters, allowing computation and conversion of indices such as Cohen’s d, r, odds-ratios, etc.
Run the following to install the stable release of effectsize from CRAN:
install.packages("effectsize")Or this one to install the latest development version:
install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("easystats/effectsize")
Click on the buttons above to access the package documentation and the easystats blog, and check-out these vignettes:
- Data Standardization
- Effect Sizes
- Effect Sizes Conversion
- Automated Interpretation of Indices of Effect Size
This package is focused on indices of effect size. Check out the package
website for a full list of features and functions provided by
effectsize.
library(effectsize)The package provides functions to compute indices of effect size.
cohens_d(mpg ~ am, data = mtcars)
## Cohen's d | 95% CI
## --------------------------
## -1.48 | [-2.27, -0.67]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.
hedges_g(mpg ~ am, data = mtcars)
## Hedges' g | 95% CI
## --------------------------
## -1.44 | [-2.21, -0.65]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.
## - Bias corrected using Hedges and Olkin's method.
glass_delta(mpg ~ am, data = mtcars)
## Glass' delta | 95% CI
## -----------------------------
## -1.17 | [-1.99, -0.60]model <- aov(mpg ~ factor(gear), data = mtcars)
eta_squared(model)
## Parameter | Eta2 | 90% CI
## ----------------------------------
## factor(gear) | 0.43 | [0.18, 0.59]
omega_squared(model)
## Parameter | Omega2 | 90% CI
## ------------------------------------
## factor(gear) | 0.38 | [0.14, 0.55]
epsilon_squared(model)
## Parameter | Epsilon2 | 90% CI
## --------------------------------------
## factor(gear) | 0.39 | [0.14, 0.56]And more…
Importantly, effectsize also provides advanced
methods
to compute standardized parameters for regression models.
m <- lm(rating ~ complaints + privileges + advance, data = attitude)
standardize_parameters(m)
## # Standardization method: refit
##
## Parameter | Coefficient (std.) | 95% CI
## ------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | -9.57e-16 | [-0.22, 0.22]
## complaints | 0.85 | [ 0.58, 1.13]
## privileges | -0.04 | [-0.33, 0.24]
## advance | -0.02 | [-0.26, 0.22]Also, models can be re-fit with standardized data:
standardize(m)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rating ~ complaints + privileges + advance, data = data_std)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept) complaints privileges advance
## -9.57e-16 8.55e-01 -4.35e-02 -2.19e-02The package also provides ways of converting between different effect sizes.
convert_d_to_r(d = 1)
## [1] 0.447And for recovering effect sizes from test statistics.
F_to_d(15, df = 1, df_error = 60)
## d | 95% CI
## -------------------
## 1.00 | [0.46, 1.53]
F_to_r(15, df = 1, df_error = 60)
## r | 95% CI
## -------------------
## 0.45 | [0.22, 0.61]
F_to_eta2(15, df = 1, df_error = 60)
## Eta2 (partial) | 90% CI
## -----------------------------
## 0.20 | [0.07, 0.34]The package allows for an automated interpretation of different indices.
interpret_r(r = 0.3)
## [1] "large"
## (Rules: funder2019)Different sets of “rules of thumb” are implemented (guidelines are detailed here) and can be easily changed.
interpret_d(d = 0.45, rules = "cohen1988")
## [1] "small"
## (Rules: cohen1988)
interpret_d(d = 0.45, rules = "gignac2016")
## [1] "moderate"
## (Rules: gignac2016)Data Standardization, Normalization, Scaling, and Rank-Transforming
Many indices of effect size stem out, or are related, to
standardization.
Thus, it is expected that effectsize provides functions to standardize
data.
A standardization sets the mean and SD to 0 and 1:
library(parameters) # for describe_distribution
df <- standardize(attitude)
describe_distribution(df$rating)
## Mean | SD | IQR | Range | Skewness | Kurtosis | n | n_Missing
## ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
## -5.46e-16 | 1 | 1.29 | [-2.02, 1.67] | -0.40 | -0.49 | 30 | 0Alternatively, normalization is similar to standardization in that it is a linear translation of the parameter space (i.e., it does not change the shape of the data distribution). However, it puts the values within a 0 - 1 range, which can be useful in cases where you want to compare or visualise data on the same scale.
df <- normalize(attitude)
describe_distribution(df$rating)
## Mean | SD | IQR | Range | Skewness | Kurtosis | n | n_Missing
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------
## 0.55 | 0.27 | 0.35 | [0.00, 1.00] | -0.40 | -0.49 | 30 | 0This is a special case of a rescaling function, which can be used to rescale the data to an arbitrary new scale. Let’s change all numeric variables to “percentages”:
df <- change_scale(attitude, to = c(0, 100))
describe_distribution(df$rating)
## Mean | SD | IQR | Range | Skewness | Kurtosis | n | n_Missing
## -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
## 54.74 | 27.05 | 35.00 | [0.00, 100.00] | -0.40 | -0.49 | 30 | 0For some robust statistics, one might also want to transfom the numeric
values into ranks, which can be performed using the ranktransform()
function.
ranktransform(c(1, 3, -2, 6, 6, 0.5))
## [1] 3.0 4.0 1.0 5.5 5.5 2.0or signed-ranks:
ranktransform(c(1, 3, -2, 6, 6, 0.5), sign = TRUE)
## [1] 2.0 4.0 -3.0 5.5 5.5 1.0In order to cite this package, please use the following citation:
- Ben-Shachar M, Lüdecke D, Makowski D (2020). effectsize: Estimation of Effect Size Indices and Standardized Parameters. Journal of Open Source Software, 5(56), 2815. doi: 10.21105/joss.02815
Corresponding BibTeX entry:
@Article{,
title = {{e}ffectsize: Estimation of Effect Size Indices and Standardized Parameters},
author = {Mattan S. Ben-Shachar and Daniel Lüdecke and Dominique Makowski},
year = {2020},
journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
volume = {5},
number = {56},
pages = {2815},
publisher = {The Open Journal},
doi = {10.21105/joss.02815},
url = {https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.02815}
}
If you have any questions regarding the the functionality of the package, you may either contact us via email or also file an issue. Anyone wishing to contribute to the package by adding functions, features, or in another way, please follow this guide and our code of conduct.
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