In JavaScript, while constructing dates using Date objects months are 0 based. Which means 0 is for January and 1 is for February.

So, in this case we are asking JavaScript to set a date of 2023 February 31st which does not exist.

But instead of throwing error JavaScript will overflow it to the next month which is March.

And since February in 2023 has only 28 days, the code will overflow by 3 days making the result to be 3rd March 2023.

We can declare the same variable multiple times using the var keyword. And the variable will hold the value which it was assigned in the end.

But we can not declare the same variable multiple times using let or const

Because the updateUsername function is not working properly and is failing to update the username of the user.

The updateUsername function in user object is an arrow function, and is not bound to the user object.

So, the this keyword inside updateUsername function is not referring to the user object, but refers to the global scope.

To fix this issue, we should change the arrow function to a normal function.

In JavaScript, the string length property returns the number of bytes and not the number of characters like we expect.

An emoji is a unicode character which is encoded in two bytes. Therefore the answer is 2 for this question.

The string length for kiran returns 5 because in a string each character is 1 byte.

First let me explain the difference between equal and strict equal operator.

The equal operator only checks if both the values are equal. The strict equal operator checks if both value and type are equal.

So in this code, the first statement undefined == null returns true since both undefined and null have the same value which is empty.

But the second statement undefined === null returns false. Since typeof undefined is undefined, whereas typeof null is an object.

You might be wondering, why typeof null is an object when null is basically a primitive data type. This basically is a mistake in JavaScript since the beginning.

Now, one more tip for you: when you want to set an empty value for a variable use null instead of undefined. Since undefined is mainly used to check if a variable has no value assigned to it.

Rest operators were added as a part of ES6 feature.

It takes all the arguments passed to a function and puts it in an array.

If multiple arguments are passed to a function then rest operator must come at the end. That's why this code snippet will throw an error.

To fix this issue, please move the rest operator to the end and then it should work.

NEGATIVE_INFINITY and POSITIVE_INFINITY are properties of the Number object in JavaScript that represents the mathematical concept of negative infinity and positive infinity.

When you add Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY and Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY, the result is NaN.

Adding a positive infinite value to a negative infinite value does not result in a meaningful numerical value.

So in this case, z will be NaN.

Note that the code will not throw a TypeError, as JavaScript is able to perform the addition operation between Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY and Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY.

Using === NaN to check if a value is a number will not work.

In JavaScript, NaN (Not a Number) is a special value that represents an invalid number.

NaN is not equal to anything, including itself, so the expression "BG Web Agency" === NaN will always return false.

To check if a value is a number in JavaScript, you can use the isNaN() function. This function returns true if the argument passed to it is NaN, or if it cannot be converted to a number.

The isFinite() function is used to determine whether a given value is a finite number.

It returns false if the value is NaN, Infinity, or -Infinity, and true if the value is a finite number.

So, in this example isFinite(Infinity) will return false because Infinity is not a finite number.

On the other hand, the isNaN() function is used to determine whether a given value is not a number (NaN).

It returns true if the value is NaN, and false if the value is a number or any other data type.

So, in this example isNaN(Infinity) will also return false because Infinity is not NaN.

Therefore always use isFinite function instead of isNaN function when you want to validate if a number is finite

The getName arrow function uses this keyword to refer to the object's name property, but because arrow functions have a lexical this binding, the value of this keyword inside the arrow function will be the global object which is window in a browser, or global in Node.js.

Since there is no name property on the global object, the function returns undefined.

The getAge function uses a regular function expression and correctly refers to the age property of the user object using this keyword.

But when getAge is assigned to the getAge variable, it loses the reference to the user object, so when the function is called using getAge(), this will refer to the global object again, and since there is no age property on the global object, the function returns undefined.

A closure is a function that retains access to variables in its outer scope, even after the outer function has returned.

In this example, the answer is B, because the setTimeout function is asynchronous and does not execute immediately.

By the time the callback function passed to setTimeout is executed, the loop has already completed and the i variable has a value of 3.

Therefore, each call to console.log(i) inside the callback function will print 3.

To solve this problem and print 0, 1, 2, we can use an IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) to create a new scope for each iteration of the loop.

This creates a new variable j inside each IIFE, with its own copy of the current value of i at that iteration of the loop.

When the callback function passed to setTimeout is executed, it has access to the j variable in its closure, which has the expected value of 0, 1, or 2 for each iteration of the loop.

The correct answer is A. The code defines a add function that takes a single argument x and returns another function that takes a single argument y.

This inner function checks if y is defined. If it is defined, it adds y to x and returns a reference to itself using the arguments.callee property, which allows the function to be called recursively with the next argument.

If y is not defined, it returns the current value of x.

Then, the code calls add(1)(2)(3)(). This first calls add(1) with 1 as its argument, which returns a function that takes a single argument y.

Then, it calls this function with 2 as its argument, which adds 2 to 1 and returns a reference to the function.

Finally, it calls this function with 3 as its argument, which adds 3 to 3 and returns a reference to the function.

Since no argument is passed in the last call, it returns the current value of x, which is 6.

This code demonstrates a more complex example of currying in JavaScript, where the curried function returns a reference to itself, allowing it to be called recursively with the next argument.

The correct answer is B. The code defines a multiply function that takes a single argument x and returns another function that takes a single argument y. This inner function multiplies x and y and returns the result.

Then, the code creates a new function double by calling multiply with 2 as its argument. The double function is now a curried function that can be called with a single argument to double its value.

Finally, the code calls double with 5 as its argument, which results in 10 being logged to the console.

This code demonstrates the concept of currying in JavaScript, where a function returns another function that can be partially applied with some arguments.

The correct answer is A.

In JavaScript, an iterable is an object that defines a sequence and can be iterated over using a loop.

An iterator is an object that knows how to access the elements of an iterable one at a time.

An iterable object has a method with the key Symbol.iterator, which returns an iterator object.

The iterator object has a next() method, which returns an object with two properties: value, which is the next element in the sequence, and done, which is a boolean indicating whether the iterator has reached the end of the sequence.

Iterables are commonly used in many real-time applications while working with large datasets, or while implementing custom data structures

The correct answer is D.

The counter function is a generator function that creates an infinite loop that yields incrementing values of i.

The gen variable is set to the generator function, and each call to gen.next() returns an object with the value property set to the next yielded value.

The console.log statements then print the values returned by gen.next().

A generator function is a special type of function that can be used to control the iteration over a sequence of values.

Unlike traditional functions, generator functions allow you to pause and resume their execution, and yield multiple values over time.

Circular references occur when two or more objects reference each other, creating a loop that prevents the objects from being garbage collected.

This can cause a memory leak if the objects are no longer needed but cannot be freed because of the circular reference.

Options A, C, and D do not typically cause memory leaks in JavaScript.

Garbage collection is the process of automatically freeing up memory that is no longer being used by a program.

In JavaScript, the mark and sweep algorithm is commonly used for garbage collection.

This algorithm works by first marking all objects in memory that are still being referenced by the program, then sweeping through and freeing up any memory that is not marked as in use.

When the code is executed, the main() function is called, which is an async function that uses await to get data from the getData() function.

Once the data is retrieved, the console.log(data) statement logs "Data retrieved successfully" to the console.

After that, the throw new Error("Something went wrong") statement throws an error.

The catch block catches the error and logs "Caught an error: Something went wrong" to the console, and then returns the string "Error occurred".

Finally, the finally block is executed and logs "Finally block executed." to the console, and then returns the string "Finally block value".

When the main() function is called, it returns a promise because it is an async function. Since the finally block also returns a value, that value will be the final resolved value of the promise.

Therefore, when console.log(main()) is called, "Finally block executed." and "Finally block value" will be logged to the console.

Try, catch, and finally are keywords used in JavaScript to handle runtime errors.

Because break statement is not valid inside the callback function passed to forEach.

forEach does not support early termination using the break statement. Therefore, an error is thrown: "Uncaught SyntaxError: Illegal break statement".

In case of for of loop, break statement is allowed.

To fix the issue, remove the break statement from forEach and it should work.

In general, for of is recommended over for in or forEach

The array.push() method in JavaScript adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length of the array.

In the given code, arr is an array with the values [1, 2, 3, 4]. The push() method is called with the argument 5, which adds 5 to the end of the arr array.

The push() method returns the new length of the array after the addition of the element(s). In this case, the new length of arr will be 5 because 5 is added to the end of the array.

The array.unshift() method in JavaScript adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array and returns the new length of the array.

In the given code, arr is an array with the values [3, 5, 7, 9]. The unshift() method is called with the arguments 1 and 2, which adds 1 and 2 to the beginning of the arr array.

The unshift() method returns the new length of the array after the addition of the element(s). In this case, the new length of arr will be 6 because 1 and 2 are added to the beginning of the array, shifting the existing elements to the right.

The Array.pop() method in JavaScript removes the last element from an array and returns that element.

In this case, myArray is an array with elements [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], and myArray.pop() is called, which removes the element 5 from the array and returns it.

The Array.shift() method removes the first element from the arr array, which is 10, and returns it. The resulting arr array will then be [20, 30, 40, 50].

So, option A is the correct answer as it reflects the correct value of removedElement and the updated state of arr after Array.shift() is called. Option B is incorrect as it states that removedElement will be 50, which is not true. Option C is also incorrect as it state that arr remains unchanged, which is not accurate. Option D is slightly confusing as it states that Array.shift() returns the array, which is not true.

The Array.splice() method is used to modify an array by adding, removing, or replacing elements.

In this case, the code snippet uses arr.splice(1, 2, 'a', 'b'), which starts from index 1 (removing 2 elements) and inserts the elements a and b in their place. The elements that are removed (i.e., 2 and 3) are returned and assigned to the variable removed. After execution, removed will be [2, 3] and arr will be [1, 'a', 'b', 4, 5]. Option C is incorrect as it includes the inserted elements in the removed array, which is not accurate. Option D is also incorrect as it mentions the incorrect elements that are removed from the array.

The Array.indexOf() method searches for the index of the first occurrence of the specified value in the array fruits. In this case, "orange" is found at index 2, so index will be 2.

The Array.lastIndexOf() method searches for the index of the last occurrence of the specified value in the array fruits. In this case, "apple" appears twice in the array and its last occurrence is at index 4, so lastIndex will be 4.

On the other hand, the Array.includes() method checks if the specified value "grape" exists in the array fruits, and since "grape" is present in the array, result will be true.

The Array.filter() method returns an array containing all elements for which the function passed to it returns true. In this case, the function isDivisibleBy7 returns true for any number that is divisible by 7. In the nums array, 7 and 28 are divisible by 7, so nums.filter(isDivisibleBy7) returns [28, 7].

The Array.find() method returns the first element in the array for which the function passed to it returns true. In this case, the function passed to it returns true for any number less than 10. There are multiple numbers in nums that are less than 10, but since Array.find() only returns the first for which it is true, nums.find((num) => num < 10) returns 7.

The Array.findIndex() method is similar to the Array.find() method, but returns the index of the first element in the array for which the function passed to it returns true, rather than the element itself. In this case, the function passed to it returns true for 28, since the 28 / 2 == 14. 28 is in the array nums and is at index 0, so nums.find((num) => num / 2 == 14) returns 0.

The Array.map() method in JavaScript creates a new array by applying a provided function to each element of the original array.

In this case, the provided function num => num * 2 multiplies each number in the numbers array by 2, resulting in a new array [2, 4, 6, 8, 10].

Array.reduce() takes an array and "reduces" it to a single value by repeatedly applying a function to each element and keeping track of the accumulated result. It's commonly used for tasks such as summing up an array of numbers, finding the maximum value, or concatenating an array of strings into a single string.

In this case, the reduce() method takes a callback function that is executed for each element of the array. The callback function takes two parameters, acc and val, which represent the accumulator and the current value of the array, respectively.

Inside the callback function, the current value of the array is added to the accumulator and the result is returned. The reduce() method updates the value of the accumulator with each iteration until it has iterated over all the elements of the array.

Finally, the reduce() method returns the final value of the accumulator, which is the sum of all the numbers in the array, that is 15.

The reduceRight() method is similar to the reduce() method, except that it starts reducing the array from the rightmost element to the leftmost element. The reduceRight() method applies a function against an accumulator and each value of the array (from right-to-left) to reduce it to a single value.

In the given code snippet, the arr array contains the values [1, 2, 3, 4]. The reduceRight() method is called on this array with a callback function that adds the accumulator acc with the current element curr.

In the first iteration, the curr value will be 4, and the acc value will be undefined, since no initial value is provided. Therefore, the result of the first iteration will be 4.

In the second iteration, the curr value will be 3, and the acc value will be the result of the previous iteration, which is 4. Therefore, the result of the second iteration will be 7.

In the third iteration, the curr value will be 2, and the acc value will be the result of the previous iteration, which is 7. Therefore, the result of the third iteration will be 9.

In the fourth and final iteration, the curr value will be 1, and the acc value will be the result of the previous iteration, which is 9. Therefore, the result of the fourth iteration will be 10.

Therefore, the final output of the code will be 10. Hence, the correct option is A.

By default the sort() method sorts elements by character so 11235 comes before 3.14159 because 1 comes before 3.

Words and letters are sorted alphabetically by ASCII code so "Centauri" which starts with an uppercase C (ASCII code 67) sorts before "canine" which starts with a lowercase c (ASCII code 99).

Undefined elements always sort to the end of an array.

Thus, the final output of the code will be [ 11235, 3.14159, 'Centauri', 'canine', undefined ] which is option D.

With Array Destructuring it is possible to unpack certain values from an array into individual variables. The values we created in the left hand side (a, b, c, rest) correspond to the values and the order of the array we assigned in the right hand side (numbers).

• The variable a corresponds to the first element of the array, which is 1.

• Since we did not specify a variable for the next value 2, the value is not taken into account in the evaluation and is skipped.

• The variable b corresponds to the third element of the array, which is 3.

• It is possible to set default values for the variables if the element in the array is undefined. Since the fourth element in the array is undefined, the variable c has the default value 2.

• With the spread operator (...) we can assign the remaining values of the array to a variable. Since the values [ 6, 7, 8, 9 ] are the remaining values of the array, they are assigned to the variable rest.

Therefore, the final result is: 1 3 2 [ 6, 7, 8, 9 ], which is option B.

new Date() will return the current date and time followed by the two specified dates in the format "YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS.sssZ", where "Z" represents the UTC time zone offset.

YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss.sssZ is a format used to represent dates and times in the ISO 8601 standard. It consists of the following components:

• YYYY: Four-digit year (0000 to 9999), or as an expanded year with + or - followed by six digits. The sign is required for expanded years. -000000 is explicitly disallowed as a valid year.
• MM: Two-digit month (01 = January, 02 = February, and so on). It defaults to 01.
• DD: Two-digit day of the month (01 to 31)
• T: A separator indicating the start of the time component
• HH: Two-digit hour of the day in 24-hour format (00 to 23). As a special case, 24:00:00 is allowed, and is interpreted as midnight at the beginning of the next day. Defaults to 00.
• mm: Two-digit minute of the hour (00 to 59). Defaults to 00.
• ss: Two-digit second of the minute (00 to 59). Defaults to 00.
• .sss: Millisecond component (000 to 999). Defaults to 000.
• Z: A suffix indicating that the time is in UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), with no offset. It can either be the literal character Z (indicating UTC), or + or - followed by HH:mm, the offset in hours and minutes from UTC.

The provided code creates a Date object initialized with the date and time of "March 15, 1975 23:15:30".

Then, it modifies the minutes and UTC date of the date object using the setMinutes() and setUTCDate() methods, respectively.

Finally, it logs the updated values of minutes, year, and UTC date using console.log().

After modifying the minutes to 10 using setMinutes(10), the getMinutes() method returns the updated value of 10.

After modifying the UTC date to 5 using setUTCDate(5), the getUTCDate() method returns the updated value of 5.

The getFullYear() method returns the unchanged year, which is 1975.

The code calculates the difference in days between the date "2023-5-1" and the next US election date "2024-11-5". It uses the Date object to create two dates: date1 represents May 1, 2023, and next_us_election represents November 5, 2024.

The getTime() method is used to get the time value in milliseconds for each date. By subtracting the time value of date1 from next_us_election, we get the time difference in milliseconds.

To convert the time difference from milliseconds to days, we divide it by the number of milliseconds in a day (1000 _ 3600 _ 24). The result is stored in the variable difference_in_days.

Finally, the parseInt() function is used to convert the difference_in_days value to an integer, and the result is logged to the console along with the "Days" string. The output will be "554 Days".

The code defines an object literal person with properties such as name, age, hobbies, and address, and a method sayHello.

The console.log() statements print the value of name, the second element of the hobbies array (which is "traveling"), and the value of the city property in the address object (which is "New York").

Finally, the method sayHello is called on the person object using dot notation, which outputs the string "Hello, my name is John" to the console.

The code defines a constructor function User that creates user objects with a username property and an updateUsername method. Two user objects, user1 and user2, are created with initial usernames 'kirandash' and 'bgwebagency' respectively.

The updateUsername method is called on both user1 and user2 objects to update their usernames. user1's username is updated to 'kirandash-website', and user2's username is updated to 'bgwebagency-app'.

Finally, the code logs the concatenation of user1.username and user2.username, which results in the output 'kirandash-website bgwebagency-app'.

The call function is used to invoke the greet function with the person object as the context (the value of this) and 'John' as the argument.

The apply function is used to invoke the greet function with the person object as the context (the value of this) and an array ['Alex'] as the arguments.

The bind function is used to create a new function greetPerson with the person object as the bound context (the value of this).

In summary, the code demonstrates how call, apply, and bind can be used to invoke a function with a specific context and arguments

The static method makeSound() is defined on the Animal class, and is accessible directly through the class itself, i.e., Animal.makeSound(). This will output "Generic animal sound" to the console.

However, when we try to call makeSound() on an instance of the Animal class (a1.makeSound() and a2.makeSound()), we get a TypeError, because static methods can only be accessed through the class itself and not through its instances.

Explanation: In this example, we have a base class called Animal that defines a constructor and an eat() method. The subclass Dog extends the Animal class and adds its own constructor, bark() method, and a specific property breed.

Furthermore, we extend the built-in Array class using the class syntax to create a CustomArray class. The CustomArray class adds a custom method called sum() that calculates the sum of the array elements.

In the usage section, we create an instance of Dog named dog with the name "Buddy" . We can call the inherited eat() method from the Animal class, the bark() method defined in the Dog class.

Additionally, we create an instance of CustomArray called numbers and add some numbers to it. We can call the custom sum() method, which is added to the built-in Array class through subclassing.

This example showcases inheritance, subclassing, and extending a built-in class in JavaScript, illustrating how classes can be extended and customized to add additional functionality.

In the code above, we have an object literal called person with properties name, age, and city. We then use object destructuring to extract those properties into separate variables (name, age, and city). After destructuring, we can use these variables to access the corresponding values from the object.

The module.js file exports three entities:

1. PI is a named export, exported using the export keyword.
2. calculateArea is a named export, exported using the export keyword.
3. calculateCircumference is the default export, exported using the export default syntax.

In the main.js file, we import PI and calculateArea as named exports using the destructuring assignment syntax. We also import calculateCircumference as the default export. The import statements reference the module.js file using the relative file path ./module.js.

The outputs of the console.log statements will be:

• console.log(PI) will output 3.14159 since we imported the named export PI.
• console.log(calculateArea(5)) will output 78.53975 since we imported the named export calculateArea and called the function with a radius of 5.
• console.log(calculateCircumference(5)) will output 62.8318 since we imported the default export calculateCircumference and called the function with a radius of 5.

Named exports are imported into different files with braces and must be imported with the name of the object, function or variable that was exported. In this example, a function with the name foo is exported from the file foo.js. Accordingly, the correct expression is: import { foo } from "./foo".

Explanation: Both option B and C are valid syntaxes for importing a default export from a module and assigning it an alias. The difference between the two syntaxes is that option B does not use the { default as myAlias } syntax. This means that the default export will be imported under the name myAlias, rather than the name default.

Here is an example of how to use the option B syntax:{import myAlias from 'module';},This will import the default export from the module module and assign it the name myAlias. You can then use the myAlias variable to access the default export from the module module. Here is an example of how to use the option C syntax:{import { default as myAlias } from 'module';},This will import the default export from the module module and assign it the alias myAlias. You can then use the myAlias alias to access the default export from the module module.

The choice of which syntax to use is up to you. The option B syntax is simpler, but it can lead to collisions if there is already a variable named myAlias in the current scope. The option C syntax is more verbose, but it avoids collisions.

Explanation: The JSON.stringify() method can be used to convert a JavaScript object to a JSON string. However, by default, it will not preserve data types like Dates and RegEx. To preserve these data types, you can use a custom replacer function. The replacer function takes an object as input and returns a new object with the modified values.

The code below would show you how to use a custom replacer function to preserve data types:

function replacer(key, value) {
	if (typeof value === 'Date') {
		return value.toJSON()
	} else if (typeof value === 'RegExp') {
		return value.toString()
	} else {
		return value
	}
}

const object = {
	date: new Date(),
	regex: /some regex/,
}

const jsonString = JSON.stringify(object, replacer)