Awesome WebAssembly Runtimes

This repo contains a list of virtual machines and tools that execute the WebAssembly(wasm) format and/or compile it to executable machine code

Legend

🚀 - Active development
😴 - Unmaintained (been more than a year since last commit)

aWsm ^{^🚀}
CMM of Wasm ^{^😴}
EOSVM ^{^🚀}
Extism ^{^🚀}
FDVM ^{^😴}
Fizzy ^{^🚀}
GraalWASM ^{^🚀}
Happy New Moon With Report ^{^🚀}
inNative ^{^🚀}
Life ^{^😴}
Lucet ^{^🚀}
wasm3 ^{^🚀}
Motor ^{^😴}
py-wasm ^{^😴}
Serverless Wasm ^{^😴}
Swam ^{^🚀}
VMIR ^{^😴}
wac ^{^😴}
Wagon ^{^😴}
WAKit ^{^🚀}
Warpy ^{^😴}
WasmEdge ^{^🚀}
Wasmer ^{^🚀}
Wasmi ^{^🚀}
Wasmo ^{^🚀}
WasmRT ^{^😴}
Wasmtime ^{^🚀}
WasmVM ^{^🚀}
WasmVM ^{^😴}
WAVM ^{^🚀}
WebAssembly ^{^😴}
WebAssembly Micro Runtime ^{^🚀}
TWVM ^{^🚀}
wazero ^{^🚀}

aWsm ^top⇈

aWsm is a compiler and runtime for compiling WebAssembly (Wasm) code into llvm bytecode, then into sandboxed binaries you can run on various platforms.

Languages written in

Rust C
Compiler framework

LLVM
Compilation / Execution modes

AOT
Interoperability with other languages

C
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS

CMM of Wasm ^top⇈

A compiler from WebAssembly to native code, via the OCaml backend.

Languages written in

OCaml
Compiler framework

OCaml Compiler
Compilation / Execution modes

AOT
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS

EOSVM ^top⇈

EOS VM is designed from the ground up for the high demands of blockchain applications which require far more from a WebAssembly engine than those designed for web browsers or standards development.

Languages written in

C++
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

Extism ^top⇈

Extism's goal is to make all software programmable, and is a flexible, embedded runtime to make it easy to extend your software with WebAssembly.

Languages written in

Rust
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

JIT
Interoperability with other languages

SDKs to execute WebAssembly in:
- Browser
- C
- C++
- .NET
- Elixir
- Go
- Haskell
- Java
- Node
- OCaml
- PHP
- Python
- Ruby
- Rust
- Zig
PDKs to create WebAssembly plug-ins in:
- Rust
- JavaScript
- Go
- Haskell
- AssemblyScript
- C
- C++
- Zig
Host APIs supported
- module loading & linking via Manifest
- WASI
- non-WASI http_request
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

FDVM ^top⇈

WASM runtime to develop server-side WebAssembly applications.

Languages written in

JavaScript
Compiler framework

NodeJS(V8)
Compilation / Execution modes

JIT
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

Fizzy ^top⇈

Fizzy aims to be a fast, deterministic, and pedantic WebAssembly interpreter written in C++.

Languages written in

C++
Compiler framework
- N/A
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreter
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported

WASI
Non-web standards

WASI
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS

GraalWasm ^top⇈

GraalWasm is a WebAssembly engine implemented in the GraalVM. It can interpret and compile WebAssembly programs in the binary format, or be embedded into other programs.

Languages written in

Java
Compiler framework

GraalVM
Compilation / Execution modes

JIT
Interoperability with other languages

Java JVM Graal supported languages
Non-MVP features supported
Host APIs supported

WASI
Non-web standards

WASI
Used by
- GraalVM JavaScript - A high performance implementation of the JavaScript programming language.
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

Happy New Moon With Report ^top⇈

Happy New Moon with Report is an open-source implementation of WebAssembly written entirely in Java. It is used to run or test Web Assembly Modules (*.wasm) in Java.

Languages written in

Java
Compiler framework
- N/A
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages

Java JVM languages
Non-MVP features supported

Sign Extensions
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

JVM Linux macOS Windows

inNative ^top⇈

An AOT (ahead-of-time) compiler for WebAssembly that creates C compatible binaries, either as sandboxed plugins you can dynamically load, or as stand-alone executables that interface directly with the operating system.

Languages written in

C++
Compiler framework

LLVM
Compilation / Execution modes

AOT JIT
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported

Threads Multiple Result and Block Parameters Name Section Bulk Memory Operations Sign Extension Instructions Non-trapping Conversion Instructions
Host APIs supported

Custom
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

Life ^top⇈

Life is a secure & fast WebAssembly VM built for decentralized applications, written in Go by Perlin Network.

Languages written in

Go
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

Lucet ^top⇈

Lucet is a native WebAssembly compiler and runtime. It is designed to safely execute untrusted WebAssembly programs inside your application.

NOTE: Lucet is now in maintenance mode. Work has been moved to wasmtime.

Languages written in

Rust
Compiler framework

Cranelift
Compilation / Execution modes

AOT
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported

WASI
Non-web standards

WASI
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux

Wasm3 ^top⇈

🚀 A high performance WebAssembly interpreter

Languages written in

C
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages

Python C/C++ Rust Go Zig Swift C#/.Net
Non-MVP features supported

Multi-Value Bulk Memory Operations Sign-extension operators Non-trapping conversions Name Section
Host APIs supported

WASI Custom
Non-web standards

WASI Gas Metering
Used by
- wasmcloud - A platform for writing portable business logic
- Shareup - Fast, private sharing for everyone
- WowCube - An nnovative console and the gaming platform
- txiki.js -A small and powerful JavaScript runtime
Platforms supported

Windows Linux
(any arch) macOS
(any arch) FreeBSD
(any arch) Android OpenWRT SBC/MCU Arduino

Motor ^top⇈

Motor is a WebAssembly runtime, which aims for secure and efficient execution of WebAssembly programs

Languages written in

Rust
Compiler framework

Dynasm
Compilation / Execution modes

JIT
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS

py-wasm ^top⇈

A python implementation of the WebAssembly interpreter

Languages written in

Python
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

Serverless wasm ^top⇈

A small demo of Web Assembly's potential outside of browsers

Languages written in

Rust
Compiler framework

Wasmi Cranelift
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted JIT
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

Swam ^top⇈

WebAssembly engine in Scala

Languages written in

Scala
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

VMIR ^top⇈

VMIR is a standalone library written in C that can parse and execute WebAssembly and LLVM Bitcode files

Languages written in

C
Compiler framework

LLVM
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted JIT
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

wac ^top⇈

A Minimal WebAssembly interpreter written in C.

Languages written in

C
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

wagon ^top⇈

Wagon is a WebAssembly-based interpreter in Go, for Go.

Languages written in

Go
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

WAKit ^top⇈

A WebAssembly runtime written in Swift.

Languages written in

Swift
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS

Warpy ^top⇈

WebAssembly interpreter in RPython.

Languages written in

RPython
Compiler framework

RPython
Compilation / Execution modes

JIT
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

WasmEdge ^top⇈

A lightweight, high-performance, and extensible WebAssembly runtime for cloud native, edge, and decentralized applications. Project under CNCF.

Languages written in

C++
Compiler framework

LLVM
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreter AOT
Interoperability with other languages

Solidity Rust C/C++ Go/TinyGo JavaScript Python Grain Swift Zig Ruby

Non-MVP features supported

Bulk Memory Operations

SIMD

Multi-Memory

Multi-Value

Reference Types

Sign Extension Instructions

Non-Trapping Float-to-Int Conversions

Mutable Global

Host APIs supported

WASI Networking Socket TensorFlow Command Interface Image Processing
Non-web standards

WASI Gas Metering Ethereum Environment Interface Oasis Substrate
Used by
- Suborbital
- crun
- SuperEdge
- OpenYurt
- Dapr
- Yomo
- Oasis ETH ParaTime
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows Android OpenHarmony seL4 RTOS

Wasmer ^top⇈

Wasmer is a standalone WebAssembly runtime for running WebAssembly outside of the browser, supporting WASI and Emscripten.

Languages written in

Rust C++
Compiler framework

Singlepass Cranelift (Default) LLVM
Compilation / Execution modes

JIT AOT
Interoperability with other languages

Rust PHP C C++ Python Go PHP Java Ruby Postgres C#/.Net Elixir R D Swift
Non-MVP features supported

Threads SIMD Multi Value returns Name Section Bulk Memory Operations Sign Extension Instructions
Host APIs supported

Emscripten WASI
Non-web standards

WASI wasm-c-api
Used by
- Spacemesh Virtual Machine - A Spacemesh smart contracts vm
- CosmWasm - A Cosmos-compatible library for running wasm smart contracts
- NEAR Protocol - The reference client for NEAR protocol
- Dprint - Pluggable and configurable code formatting platform
Platforms supported

Linux (x64, aarch64, x86) macOS (x64, arm64) Windows (x64, x86) FreeBSD (x64) Android

Wasmi ^top⇈

A Wasm interpreter.

Languages written in

Rust
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported

Mutable Globals Sign-extension operators Non-trapping conversions Multi-Value Bulk Memory Operations Reference Types Tail Calls Extended Const
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards

WASI
Used by

Substrate smoldot Ayaka Game Engine
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows WebAssembly

Wasmo ^top⇈

A WebAssembly Runtime and Compiler based on LLVM.

Languages written in

Rust
Compiler framework

LLVM
Compilation / Execution modes

JIT
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

macOS

wasmrt ^top⇈

wasmrt is a runtime built for native execution of WebAssembly modules (virtualized at first, eventually JIT).

Languages written in

C++
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

Wasmtime ^top⇈

Wasmtime is a standalone wasm-only runtime for WebAssembly, using the Cranelift JIT

Languages written in

Rust
Compiler framework

Cranelift
Compilation / Execution modes

JIT
Interoperability with other languages

Python
Non-MVP features supported

Interface types
Host APIs supported

WASI
Non-web standards

WASI wasm-c-api
Used by
- Wasmi: an efficient WebAssembly interpreter that is used by Substrate, a next-generation framework for blockchain innovation.
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

WasmVM ^top⇈

An unofficial standalone WebAssembly process virtual machine

Languages written in

C++
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

wasmvm ^top⇈

WebAssembly Virtual Machine, which aim to fit embedded systems.

Languages written in

Rust
Compiler framework

Life
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

WAVM ^top⇈

WebAssembly Virtual Machine, which aim to fit embedded systems.

Languages written in

C++ Python
Compiler framework

LLVM
Compilation / Execution modes

JIT
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A

Non-MVP features supported

Threads

SIMD

Multiple Result and Block Parameters

Exception Handling

Name Section

Reference Types

Bulk Memory Operations

Sign Extension Instructions

Host APIs supported

WASI Emscripten WAVIX
Non-web standards
- WASI
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

webassembly ^top⇈

An experimental, minimal toolkit and runtime on top of node to produce and run WebAssembly modules

Languages written in

JavaScript
Compiler framework

NodeJS(V8)
Compilation / Execution modes

JIT
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

WAMR ^top⇈

WebAssembly Micro Runtime (WAMR) is a standalone WebAssembly (WASM) runtime with small footprint

Languages written in

C
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted AOT-Modules JIT
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
Host APIs supported
- wasm-c-api
Non-web standards
- WASI
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows AliOS-Things Android Linux-SGX Nuttx VxWorks Zephyr

TWVM ^top⇈

A tiny and efficient WebAssembly virtual machine.

Languages written in

C++
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A
Non-MVP features supported
- N/A
Host APIs supported
- N/A
Non-web standards
- N/A
Used by
- N/A
Platforms supported

Linux macOS Windows

wazero ^top⇈

wazero is a WebAssembly 1.0 and 2.0 spec compliant runtime written in Go, with zero platform dependencies.

Languages written in

Go
Compiler framework

Custom
Compilation / Execution modes

Interpreted JIT
Interoperability with other languages
- N/A

Non-MVP features supported

Bulk Memory Operations

Import/Export of Mutable Globals

Sign-extension operators

Multi-Value Returns

Name Section

Non-trapping float-to-int conversions

Reference Types

SIMD

Host APIs supported

AssemblyScript WASI
Non-web standards

WASI
Used by
- dapr - APIs that simplify microservice connectivity
- trivy - vulnerability/misconfiguration/secret scanner for containers and other artifacts
- wapc-go - WebAssembly Host Runtime for waPC-compliant modules
Platforms supported

FreeBSD (amd64) Linux (amd64, arm64, riscv64) macOs (amd64) Windows (amd64)

License

To the extent possible under law, Steve Akinyemi has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this work.

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