This repository contains the materials for the experiments in Durvasula & Liter (2020) as well as the data files and analysis scripts. If you make use of the materials in this repository, please cite our paper:

• Durvasula, Karthik & Adam Liter. 2020. There is a simplicity bias when generalising from ambiguous data. Phonology 37(2). 177–213. doi: 10.1017/S0952675720000093.

Here is a BibTeX entry:

@article{durvasula2020,
  Author = {Durvasula, Karthik and Liter, Adam},
  Doi = {10.1017/S0952675720000093},
  Journal = {Phonology},
  Number = {2},
  Pages = {177--213},
  Title = {There Is a Simplicity Bias When Generalising from Ambiguous Data},
  Volume = {37},
  Year = {2020}}

This repository uses git LFS to track the binary .wav files that are included as part of this repository. If you'd like to clone the repository and actually have the .wav files downloaded to your computer, you'll need to install git LFS.

Once git LFS has been installed, you'll actually need to run one of its commands called install:

git lfs install

This adds some stuff to your global config file (~/.gitconfig), which allows git LFS to intercept actions performed on binary files. (If run inside of a git repository, this command also installs a pre-push git hook in that repository.)

Then, to clone this repository, run the following command:

git clone https://gitlab.com/ka-research/simplicity_bias.git

If you do not install git LFS, cloning this repository will still work, but you'll just have placeholder text files in place of where the binary .wav files should be.

The experiments reported in our paper were run using PsychoPy (Peirce 2007; 2009). This repository contains the necessary files for recreating our experiments, should you wish to do so.

Experiments 1 and 2 were designed and run with version 1.82.00 of PsychoPy. Experiment 3 was designed and run with version 1.85.4. We make no guarantees that the experiments will work with other versions of PsychoPy.

The recordings used in our experiments were kindly recorded by Mina Hirzel, and she has graciously agreed that we could publicly share the recordings.

All of the materials are contained in the materials directory. The PsychoPy files rely on relative paths to find the stimuli lists and the recordings, so if you try to rerun these experiments and wish to modify the directory structure of the materials folder, you will need to modify the relative paths inside of the .psyexp files.

There is a .psyexp file for each experiment. When the experiment is run, it prompts the participant for some demographic information, in addition to a participant number. Each participant hears a different randomly generated list of training stimuli and test stimuli, based on their participant number. The stimuli files that we generated—we did not use all of the ones that we generated—are included in the directories materials/vsh_exp1_stimuli, materials/vsh_exp2_stimuli, and materials/vsh_exp3_stimuli. We've also included the R scripts used to generate these files in the R directory.

For each participant in Experiment 1, there is a CSV file file with their data in the directory data/exp1. In the paper, we report testing 25 native-English-speaking participants; we also tested several non-native speakers of English because of the manner in which the data was collected (as extra credit for a class). The data files for these participants—participants 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 14, 16, 17, 26, and 27—are not included in this public repository because they were never going to be included in the analysis. Furthermore, participant 28 did not complete the test part of the experiment, so their data is not included in this public repository, and the data from participants 13 and 21 was lost due to technical difficulties.

We did, however, decide to exclude 2 of the 25 native speakers of English from the analysis due to non-learning (see the paper for more details), and so we've included the data for these 2 participants—participants 12 and 32—are included in this public repository.

For each participant in Experiment 2, there is a CSV file with their data in the directory data/exp2. In the paper, we report testing 78 native-English-speaking participants; we also tested several non-native speakers of English because of the manner in which the data was collected (as extra credit for a class). The data files for these participants—participants 13, 14, 16, 28, 33, 37, 38, 40, 56, 60, 61, 70, 72, 76, 81, 86, 88, 90, and 94—are not included in this public repository because they were never going to be included in the analysis. Furthermore, participant 24 accidentally quit the experiment halfway through and then started over; because they did half of the experiment twice, their data was not analyzed and so is not included in this public repository. Moreover, participant 74's data was lost due to technical difficulties.

Additionally, we excluded 15 of the 78 participants due to non-learning (see the paper for more details). The data for these participants is included in this public repository. The non-learners were participants 8, 18, 26, 27, 41, (the second) 46, 49, 50, 51, 59, 68, 69, 75, 89, and 92. (Participant numbers 44, 45, 46, 47, and 48 were accidentally used twice, so it was the second participant 46—the one who completed the experiment on November 4—that was a non-learner.)

For each participant in Experiment 3, there is a CSV file with their data in the directory data/exp3. In the paper, we report testing 51 native-English-speaking participants; we also tested several non-native speakers of English because of the manner in which the data was collected (as extra credit for a class). The data files for these participants—participants 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 18, 19, 21, 27, 30, 31, 34, 40, 50, 52, 54, 55, 57, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 121, and 122—are not included in this public repository because they were never going to be included in the analysis.

The participant numbers 1–57 were used in the first several testing sessions, although the participant who should have been participant 42 changed their participant number to 1, so there are two participants with the original participant number of "1".

In a subsequent testing session, the participant numbers 100–105 were used. The data for participant 102 was lost due to technical difficulties. In yet another subsequent testing session, the participant numbers 120–137 were used. The data for participant 125 was lost due to difficulties. The participant numbers 58–99 and 106–119 were never used.

There is an analysis script for each of the Experiments, 1, 2, and 3. These scripts reproduce the figures, tables, and analyses reported in our paper.

Moreover, we also report several Monte Carlo simulations (see paper for details). These simulations can be recreated exactly with the code in analysis/mc_simulations.R. They are recreated exactly due to a random seed being set; if you'd like to conduct different simulations, change lines 226, 236, 246, 256, 269, 279, 289, and 299 of the code.