Based on examples I've seen provided by Bagatto + Temple, there doesn't seem to be a way to define a layout that can be referenced from another template so that it "wraps" it. Instead, you have to piece together fragments and include them everywhere e.g.
# post.temple
{% include top %}
...content...
{% include bottom %}
# base.temple
top content
{{ injected_content }}
bottom content
# post.temple
# some reference to the base.temple template above...
I am the middle content that will sit below the top and above the bottom contents