Name: MARS | A New Beautiful World
Type: User
Company: MARS DeFi
Bio: MARS has worked flawlessly since dispatch a year prior. MARS has had 100% uptime while such countless different things fizzled.
Location: United Kingdom
Blog: www.the-mars.com
a-look-at-cryptocurrency-from-a-legal-standpoint
Laws To Stop Loss A look at cryptocurrency from a legal standpoint A popularity surge in Bitcoins and cryptocurrency, in general, has caught the interest of many first time retail investors. While the industry is highly dynamic in its legality around the world, here are some legal challenges retail investors must be aware of. A decentralised approach Cryptocurrency lacks a physical form and is not controlled by a central authority. This very independent approach based on which the whole cryptocurrency system works can cause legal and jurisdictional implications. The value associated with cryptocurrency is highly volatile but is ascribed to by owners and investors, just like traditional currency. However, there is no central authority that legitimises the value of the digital currency, should complications with ownership and transactions arise. In such instances, investors are left with little to no legal avenue. The blockchain technology that makes the cryptocurrency ecosystem uniquely trust-less also poses major complications when it comes to jurisdiction. The blockchain is a ledger that holds a record of all transactions in a digital format. It has no physical copy that can be pinpointed to a certain location. Servers that make entries on these ledgers are scattered around the world and fall under various jurisdictions that may have a conflicting legal framework. This cross-border framework makes it extremely difficult to determine the correct jurisdiction for blockchain disputes. Smart contracts Smart contracts are self-executing contracts that work without the interference of an external party on a blockchain network. These can be thought of as terms and conditions in a digital format that all parties involved have agreed upon. Smart contracts can automatically fulfil transactions when specified conditions are met. These contracts are independent of the legal framework of the society at large, thus raising a question of their legal validity. In case of disputes, the validity of smart contracts may get challenged. Cryptocurrency taxations The most integral decision in holding a cryptocurrency for any investor must involve its tax implications, as it directly affects the profits one hopes to achieve. Some countries such as the U.S. consider cryptocurrency holdings as assets and not currency, making the holdings eligible for capital gains tax on any profit realized by cryptocurrency. Things get even more complicated when cryptocurrency is purchased on foreign exchanges and a tax system of multiple countries is involved. Such purchases might be subject to additional reporting measures at taxation. Given the discouraging stand, some countries take on cryptocurrency and the constantly evolving rules around them, investors must practice caution and seek the expert advice of tax professionals. Money laundering The anonymity that the blockchain offers can be abused to commit fraud, money laundering and other financial scams. Cryptocurrencies have found their way on the dark market as well where they are used to buy and sell contraband. Systems also hold the potential to be hacked putting the holdings at risk of theft. Investors may find themselves a victim to these frauds. There is a lack of standard practice in case of such misfortune along with very little support from the central governing authority. Existing data laws may not suffice when it comes to financial frauds and data thefts from cryptocurrency networks. This is why platforms such as MARS constantly upgrade their wallets to ensure improved security measures. These challenges become even more pronounced because no intermediary or authority has the exclusive jurisdiction to settle disputes. It becomes highly imperative that investors mindfully acknowledge the risks they are associating themselves with before they begin to invest in any cryptocurrency.
a-look-at-what-it-means-to-mine-your-bitcoins-
Mining Your Bitcoin A look at what it means to mine your bitcoins! Bitcoins! The cryptocurrency everyone knows about, talks about, owns or wants to own. A recent surge in the interest towards traditional money alternatives and cryptocurrency has led everyone to be aware of the premier cryptocurrency - Bitcoin. There are two ways to obtain Bitcoin. The simpler method is to invest in cryptocurrency exchanges. One can open a wallet based account with these exchanges and buy the cryptocurrency of their choice. An investor may then decide to hold, sell or buy in order to trade cryptocurrency. The second and more complex method is mining. Understanding mining Mining is the process of creating new cryptocurrency coins by solving extremely complicated mathematical problems. Mining is also an integral component of maintaining a blockchain ledger that legitimises new transactions. This is important in the absence of a central authority in play that could verify and act upon invalid transactions or stop the counterfeiting. The mining process thus achieves a decentralised consensus through proof of work. When a miner obtains Bitcoins by mining, there is no conversion of fiat currency to cryptocurrency. Miners, however, incur operating costs. The process of mining When someone invests or trades in cryptocurrency, the details of these transactions are lodged on a public ledger, called the blockchain. The transaction however is only complete after a miner verifies it as legitimate and makes an entry on the blockchain. Miners are in a race against each other to solve a problem. Rewards are paid to miners who discover a solution to a complex hashing puzzle. The first to do so gets to add a block to the blockchain. The miner gets 6.25 bitcoins as a reward for their efforts. With each successful transaction, new coins enter into circulation, thus completing the mining process. The verification of these newly minted coins as legitimate is achieved by repeating the entire process again. The mining maths Miners try to come up with a 64-digit hexadecimal number otherwise known as a hash that is less than or equal to the target hash. While the mathematical efficiency required to achieve the same is subjective, coming up with a hash involves a lot of guesswork. Mining difficulty is raised as the number of miners trying to guess this hash increases. The Bitcoin network aims to have one block added to its blockchain around every 10 minutes, to ensure a smooth operation. The more miners that join in to solve the problem the sooner a solution is found. This is why to stabilize the block production rate Bitcoin evaluates the difficulty of mining after every 2016 block, which is roughly two weeks. Making money from mining To earn Bitcoins a miner needs to be the first to offer the solution. To add to their efficiency miners require specialised computer hardware that offers a high hash rate. This hardware, also known as application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) or a graphics processing unit (GPU) , became a part of a mining rig. With increasing competition, it has become almost impossible to engage in mining using a home-based computer setup. The hardware essential for mining rigs is highly specialised and expensive. It consumes high amounts of electricity, in a way limiting the profitability of miners. The reward amount is revised and cut in half every 210,000 blocks or around 4 years. Due to the volatility of Bitcoin’s market price, it is impossible for a miner to estimate his profits. Mining is an extremely time and energy-consuming task. Sure, the rewards are worth the efforts but the probability to win these makes mining a difficult choice for investors. Regardless of the way one decides to obtain Bitcoins, owning a stake in the first cryptocurrency is definitely exhilarating.
double-spending-a-coin-two-many
When Satoshi Nakamoto dropped his whitepaper conceptualising Bitcoin, he addressed the problem of double-spending that his predecessors in digital cash could not solve. Satoshi offered a solution for the same. This solution became the base technology that the entire cryptocurrency industry today stands on. What is Double-spending? Double spending is a potential flaw that arises with digital currency where the same tender is being spent multiple times. This happens as digital information is easy to reproduce and manipulate. Simply put, double spending is spending the same money twice. Physical currency cannot be replicated easily. Offline transactions are made using physical currency, the parties involved can verify its authenticity and transfer ownership. Physical currency can only be spent once. One coin or note cannot be used to make multiple purchases. Digital assets on the other hand are a set of codes that can be copied and sent to several recipients. This duplication eventually leads to a loss in the value of the asset. Double-spending of digital assets is highly probable as it is impossible for a recipient to tell whether funds being spent have been spent already, without a mediating verification service. Digital assets can solve the problem of double-spending by either opting for a centralised clearing counterparty, such as a financial institution or by a decentralised approach. What is the Decentralised approach? Double spending in decentralized systems is challenging, as it equips an immutable public transaction ledger that is maintained by servers on computer systems scattered around the world. These servers receive the information of a transaction as a broadcast. The broadcast may be received by various servers at varying times. Hence there is a possibility for a transaction to be duplicated or the same currency to be used twice. The servers render the second transaction invalid. To ensure that the servers do not go out of tally, a consensus mechanism is adopted. Bitcoin, for example, uses a consensus mechanism known as proof-to-work. A necessary agreement is reached on various transactions by synchronising the majority of the nodes in a network. Bitcoin uses a historical public ledger facilitated through its blockchain network that legitimises ownership and transfer of assets. Bitcoin transactions take time to verify as the process involved is an intricately complicated one, requiring immense computing power. Are double-spending attacks common? Hackers have tried to break into the bitcoin verification system by sending fraudulent transaction logs to one server and broadcasting another to the rest of the network. However, more Bitcoin thefts happen due to a lack of a secure storage system. Another risk for double-spending can occur if a user controls more than 50% of the computing power involved in maintaining the blockchain. In such a case a user will be able to manipulate the consensus mechanism and repeat transactions by clearing out the ledger. Double-spending attacks are minimalized by the security a blockchain offers.
smarter-to-stake-
An Introduction to Cryptocurrency Staking On the surface level, staking is a way of earning rewards for holding some cryptocurrencies. It involves locking up a portion of your cryptocurrency for a specific period as a way of contributing to a blockchain network. Stakers get rewarded typically in the form of additional coins or tokens. Staking can be considered similar to traditional investment instruments, such as depositing money in a bank and agreeing not to withdraw it for a set period. This generates interest for the depositor. Staking involves delegating a certain number of tokens towards the administrative model of the blockchain. These tokens are out of circulation for a specified length of time. How does staking work? If a cryptocurrency allows staking, such as the MARS Coin - the holder can volunteer to stack his tokens. In exchange, the holder may earn rewards. The staked tokens generate rewards because they work in a consensus mechanism called Proof of Stake. With the lack of a central governing authority in decentralised networks, all transactions are verified using a consensus mechanism. Blockchain networks employ a consensus mechanism to achieve a necessary agreement on various transactions by synchronising the majority of the nodes on the network. There are two types of consensus mechanisms used by blockchain networks: Proof of Work and Proof of Stake. Proof of Work vs Proof of Stake Via proof of work, the network throws an incredible amount of processing power at solving mathematical problems for validating transactions and ensuring the legitimacy of the same. Miners are involved in solving these cryptographic puzzles. The first to solve these equations earns the right to add the latest block to the blockchain and receive some crypto tokens for their effort. Proof of work is a scalable solution for simpler blockchains such as Bitcoin, which track incoming and outgoing transactions like a ledger. But it may cause bottlenecks when applied to complex blockchains such as Ethereum. On the other hand, Proof of Stake omits the idea of miners solving math problems through an energy-intensive process. Instead, users put their tokens to stake to be eligible to add a new block onto the blockchain in exchange for a reward. These staked tokens act as a guarantee of the legitimacy of the transactions they add to the blockchain. Validators are chosen by the network, depending on the size of their stake and the length of time they have held it. If transactions approved by a validator are found to be invalid, a certain amount of their stake can be burnt by the network. The burning of such stakes is called a slashing event. Benefits of Staking? Stakers get voting rights. These give the investor a say in the development of the protocol for a cryptocurrency. Additionally, as staking is a cost-effective method of verification, validators get to contribute to the security and efficiency of the blockchain they have invested in. With tokens such as MARS, investors can simply opt to stake their holding and watch it grow without stressing about mining. Staking requires lesser resources as opposed to mining which uses intensive mining equipment and power. Long term cryptocurrency holders reap the benefits of earning additional crypto tokens by putting them at stake. Staking surely is great a beginner-friendly way for all investors to reap the benefits of the cryptocurrency boom.
the-abc-of-cryptocurrency
The ABC of Cryptocurrency actually begins at D which stands for digitalization. In an era of technological advances, going from analog to digital was arguably the largest leap of faith. Music was not on a cassette, photographs were not on paper, a collection of data-keeping was on cloud and money was a matter of minutes away. This digitalization of money was at the epicenter of the concept of cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrencies refer to digital money that does not exist in physical form such as coins or notes. These are virtual assets with a sum of value attached to them. These can be stored on a digital wallet which may be accessed from a computer or a smartphone device. These devices are also used for transferring this currency in exchange for goods and services. A technology called Blockchain is what enables the functioning of these transactions. Blockchain is a decentralized system that organizes and records transactions across multiple computers, making it a secure network. Cryptocurrency is maintained using a distributed ledger, which unlike regular money makes it decentralized in nature. This ensures a great degree of transparency, along with anonymity through the use of encryption. Cryptocurrency exists beyond the control of a central authority and any government. When an exchange is made using cryptocurrency, there isn’t involvement of a third party, making it a peer-to-peer transaction. These transactions are recorded on a massive database known as Blockchain. Single transactions are represented by a block that is added to a chain of transactions, where it is logged forever. The prime benefit of this is that blockchain is not stored in a central location but scattered on a large network of computers, thus making it impossible to be tampered with. Blockchain transactions are kept protected by a complex system. Transactions are protected by the use of public and private keys. A user’s wallet or account address in a Cryptocurrency system has a public key, meanwhile the owner of the wallet can authorize transactions with the use of a private key. The lack of an involvement of a third party ensures minimum processing expenses. The process of holding cryptocurrencies is also termed mining, much like how traditional currency is mined. Cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin can be mined through high power computer machines that can work on incredibly tough equations. These machines can also add transactions to the blockchain to check its validity and ensure authenticity. Mining is an incredibly complex procedure as it controls the number of coins up for grabs. The other way to hold a stake in cryptocurrency is by buying some. Much like traditional shares, cryptocurrency can also be bought and sold. To purchase cryptocurrency, one needs a wallet on an internet software program that stores your funds. Traditional money can be used to purchase cryptocurrency. The value of these currencies is determined by its supply and demand, hence making it an instrument for investments. Cryptocurrency and the wide possibilities it presents with itself is surely one of the most exciting stages of the evolution of the concept of money. From coins to bitcoins to beyond, the road is endless.
the-advancement-of-blockchain---from-bitcoin-and-beyond
The development of blockchain can be roughly divided into three stages, marked off by important developments and inventions. Even though the technology has only recently debuted in the grand scheme of the Internet, it’s easy to mark its early milestones. Blockchain for Bitcoin The pseudonym developer of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto is widely credited for outlining blockchain in its current form. Though ideas were floating in the Computer Science communities, the technology was initially conceptualized to support the Bitcoin network. The technology found varied applications over the course of its development. However, it was designed specifically to advance the horizons for digital currency. At its inception, blockchain was to be set up as a shared public ledger that could support a cryptocurrency network. Blockchain technology in its present forms relies heavily on the features it was established with and Bitcoin’s blockchain largely remains unchanged. Satoshi’s idea for blockchain was to make use of 1MB worth of information on transactions, per block. These blocks were placed on a chain through a complex cryptographic verification process, making the placement immutable. Hence, creating a highly secure permanent record. Contracts – The next development Blockchain was believed to be a revolutionary technology that had the potential to do more than documenting digital transactions. Innovation was at its prime. The founders of Ethereum, for instance, introduced the idea of smart contracts, which became another milestone for blockchain development. Contracts in the traditional sense are managed between two entities, sometimes under the oversight of a third mediating entity. Smart contracts, on the other hand, are self-managed on a blockchain. These contracts are actually computer programs that can oversee all aspects of an agreement, from creation to execution. Changes and adjustments within such contracts are updated when conditions are met, such as expiration dates. This holds the potential to manage documentation with no involvement of an outside entity and can be applied to almost all fields of business. Footsteps towards the future Blockchains’ biggest challenge remains scaling. Cryptocurrencies have time and again tried to revise their blockchain in order to ensure scalability, improve transaction processing times, and avoid bottlenecking. The next big milestone for blockchain technology will target an easier scalability. New applications beyond the cryptocurrency industry are also being constantly developed. Blockchain technology has already seeped into the world of supply-chain management effectively. The technology also offers a tremendous level of security given its decentralized verification process, which makes it great for identity management. This mechanism could ideally be used for identity verification. The culmination of blockchain with other adjacent technologies will also give rise to exciting technological developments. Given the endless possibilities that yet remain to be discovered, blockchain technology could emerge as the biggest boon from the cryptocurrency boom. The era of innovation has only just begun in the world of blockchain technology.
the-basics-of-blockchain
Blockchain may seem like a cumbersome concept, but at its core it is a system of data storage and management. The goal of blockchain is to allow digital information to be recorded and distributed, but not edited. Essentially, a type of database, blockchain is the technological backbone on which cryptocurrency is developed. What exactly is blockchain? Blockchain is a shared, unchangeable ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a business network. Assets can be both: tangible, such as a house, a car or land, or intangible in nature, such as intellectual property, patents, and even cryptocurrency. Anything that has a value associated with it can be tracked and traded on a blockchain network, making it secure and inexpensive. How is data stored on a blockchain? A blockchain structures its data into chunks that are chained together. Information is collected together in groups, also known as blocks, which hold sets of information. Blocks have certain storage capacities, and when filled, are chained onto the previously filled block. This forms a chain of data known as the “blockchain.” These blockchains in a decentralized network are a part of an irreversible timeline. When a block is filled, it becomes an immutable part of this timeline and also gets a timestamp attached to it. How is a transaction logged? When a new transaction entry is made, it gets transmitted to a network of peer-to-peer computers, located across the world. This network of computers ensures validity of the transaction by solving equations. Once the legitimacy of the transaction is verified, they are clustered together into blocks. These blocks are chained together creating a permanent and irreversible ledger of all transactions, thus completing the transaction. What are some benefits of blockchain? Accuracy - Transactions on a blockchain network are verified by a network of multiple computers. With human involvement being next to none, it eliminates all chances of human errors. Any computational mistakes are also reflected on a single copy of the blockchain. Lower Costs - With no third party verification required to verify a transaction, such as a bank or a notary, the associated costs are also eliminated. Decentralization - None of the information on a blockchain network is stored in a central location. Instead, the information is scattered across a network of computers. The addition of a new block is updated by every computer on the network. This makes blockchain networks difficult to be tampered with. Speedier transactions - Traditional financial institutions go through a structure established by a central authority to complete transactions. On a blockchain network, cross border transactions can also be completed in a matter of minutes. These networks are also not bound by time and timezones. Secure networks - Once a block is created, its authenticity is verified by the entire blockchain network. Each block on the blockchain has its own unique identification number called the hash. When a block is added on a blockchain, it consists of its own hash, as well as the hash of the previous block it was attached to. Editing information on the block leads to a new hash, however, the block after it still uses the old hash number. This makes it difficult to tamper the data within a block. Blockchain not only has been adopted by businesses worldwide, but it also is at the centre of the evolution of money with cryptocurrency. The technology has far-reaching applications and its full potential is yet to be discovered.
the-beginning-of-bitcoin
In just over a decade of its existence, Bitcoin has transformed the world of finance and technology. As it continues to gather public interest and gain higher market values, here is a look at the humble beginnings of Bitcoin. A blueprint named Bitcoin The concept of Bitcoin was introduced at the peak of a financial crisis in October of 2008 by a research style white paper titled, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. The author adopted the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto and remains anonymous to date. Nakamoto posted a message on a cryptography mailing list titled, “Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper.” The mail contained a link to his white paper. Bitcoin was conceptualised as a decentralised digital currency in this paper. It enlisted methods of using a peer-to-peer network to generate “a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust”. Money could be transferred from user to user on the peer-to-peer network without an intermediary. The Foundation Bitcoin’s blockchain was launched in January of 2009 when its first block was mined. It was aptly called the Genesis block. A week later the first test transaction took place. Nakamoto sent ten bitcoins to programmer Hal Finney who was one of the first supporters of Bitcoin. In the following months, Bitcoin was obtainable by miners who were validating the Bitcoin blockchain. Bitcoin trading took place between miners who would solve complex math problems to mine new bitcoins and verify previous transactions. Fiscals and Finances The first economic transaction happened almost a year later in exchange for two pizzas. Before this transaction, bitcoins were only mined and never traded. In May of 2010, a Florida man named Laszlo Haynek managed to buy two Papa John’s pizzas valued at $25 against 10,000 bitcoins. This transaction was the first to place an actual monetary value on bitcoins at four bitcoins per penny. Negotiations for the first transactions were at arbitrary prices on internet forums. Bitcoin was being used to barter goods and services. In October of 2009, New Liberty Standard a bitcoin buying and selling service was created. A value ratio of 1.309,03 Bitcoins for $1 was established based on the energy cost of mining bitcoins. This value was compensation for the mining of the blocks according to the price of the electricity. It was the start of Bitcoin exchanges. Bitcoins monopoly was challenged in 2011 when miners and coders started to build other networks like Ethereum, Litecoin and Namecoin. These rival coins offered improved transaction time and added services such as smart contracts. The larger applications attracted more individuals to the cryptocurrency ecosystem, driving bitcoins perceived value up. There was an increase in the use of Bitcoin as currency once businesses began to accept the asset alongside traditional currency. Overstock in January 2014, Paypal in September 2014 and Microsoft in December 2014 became the first major retailers to accept Bitcoin as payment. The rise of Cryptocurrency Despite the fluctuating values attached to cryptocurrencies, they have a potential future. The industry is only in its infancy and is constantly evolving. The future of Bitcoin, the genesis of this industry, is at an exciting turning point.
the-curious-case-of-satoshi-nakamoto
At the peak of the financial crisis of 2008, murmur began in tiny online communities of cryptography enthusiasts, computer scientists and hackers. A white paper styled research paper titled “Bitcoin Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” was broadcasted on a cryptography mailing list of the community. The author? Satoshi Nakamoto. Satoshi wasn’t an unheard name within the communities. Years before the world heard of him, someone using the Satoshi pseudonym had been posting to forums and emailing fellow developers, never confirming a location, gender, nationality or even a real name. The first mention The real identity of the creator of Bitcoin is one of the most gripping modern-day mysteries. Especially since the April of 2011, when Satoshi left a final message with a fellow developer “I’ve moved onto other things.” And just like that, he disappeared. Satoshi was the pioneer of an entirely new kind of money that has taken the world by storm and has gone on to achieve a market cap of more than $1Trillion. Yet, the creator remains anonymous. In 2007, Satoshi began coding the first version of Bitcoin in the C++ programming language. Before sharing it widely on the cryptography mailing list, Satoshi shared his ideas with the founders of proto-cryptocurrencies Hashcash and b-money. The idea was met with scepticism by the community that was used going through revolutionary ideas that did not see the light of the day. Satoshi’s legacy The appeal in his paper however, was the idea of building a cash system completely independent from the existing financial system. Satoshi’s answer to the issue of digital currency duplication, which he referred to as “the double-spending problem”, was to use a peer-to-peer network. This system would eliminate the need for any central authority to validate transactions. To his admission, prior attempts to digital currencies failed because of their centrally controlled nature. Traditional transactions are made based on trust. Intermediaries such as banks or internet commerce platforms are trusted to complete transactions as they fall under a centralised authority. Satoshi’s proposed decentralised system did not work based on trust. Instead, this trust-less system was the basis of Blockchain. A Blockchain is a publicly shared ledger that can document all transactions. Who is Satoshi Nakamoto? Satoshi left the text “The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks” of the Genesis block, the first block to be mined on the Bitcoins blockchain. It was considered a potential easter egg. The text was from a headline on that day’s Times of London. Additionally, his liberal use of British phrases has led people to believe that Satoshi must hail from the United Kingdom. However, Satoshi once described himself as a 37-year-old man living in Japan. Theories have also been devised that Satoshi Nakamoto is a cohort and not an individual. If not, he is a highly intelligent developer with a multifaceted understanding of Economics, Cryptography and Peer-to-peer networking and amongst other things. Another favourite suspect for theorists to zero down on as Satoshi has been Hal Finney. Finney was the first cryptographer to receive Bitcoin when Nakamoto finished the first-ever transaction on Bitcoins blockchain. Even on his deathbed, Finney denied these claims. Len Sassaman is considered another possible suspect. Sassaman killed himself after battling depression in 2011. Coincidentally, in Satoshi’s last few communications, he sent a cryptic email to a fellow developer that he “probably won’t be around in the future.” Questions around Satoshi’s identity remain unanswered and may remain so. Satoshi might want to stay anonymous for legal reasons. It is widely believed that Satoshi holds more than a million bitcoin, which would amount to tens of billions of US dollars. Whether he lives to witness this growth is unknown. This mystery might forever remain unsolved.
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